Biomarkers for Premature Coronary Artery Disease (PCAD): A Case Control Study

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is often associated with the older generation. However, in recent years, there is an increasing trend in the prevalence of CAD among the younger population; this is known as premature CAD. Although biomarkers for CAD have been established, there are limited studies focusing on premature CAD especially among the Malay male population. Thus, the aim of this research was to compare the biomarkers between premature CAD (PCAD) and older CAD (OCAD) among Malay males. Subjects, recruited from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre and National Heart Institution, were divided into four groups: healthy control <45 years old; premature CAD (PCAD) <45 years old; healthy control >60 years old; and older CAD (OCAD) >60 years old, with n = 30 for each group. Ten potential markers for CAD including soluble sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, Apo-E and Apo-A1, homocysteine, CRP, and vitamin D levels were examined. Our results revealed premature CAD patients had significantly higher values (p < 0.05) of sVCAM-1, CRP, interleukin-6, and vitamin D when compared to the age-matched controls. Similarly, older CAD patients showed higher levels of sVCAM-1, CRP, and interleukin-2 when compared to their age-matched controls. After adjusting for multiple parameters, only CRP remained significant for PCAD and interleukin-2 remained significant for CAD. This indicates that premature CAD and older CAD patients showed different profiles of protein biomarkers. CRP has the potential to become a biomarker for premature CAD while interleukin-2 is a better biomarker for older CAD together with other typical panels of protein biomarkers.

Risk factors, lab parameters, angiographic characteristics and outcomes of coronary artery disease in young South Asian patients: a systematic review

“…Various studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between CRP levels and premature CAD. 97 , 98 The levels of serum homocysteine and hs-CRP are also positively correlated with CAD severity, and levels increase with an increase in the number of coronary artery lesions. 98 , 99 Similarly, elevated lp(a) may confer an increased risk for incident CAD even in the absence of a positive family history of CAD or a guideline-lowered LDL cholesterol level (<70 mg/dL).…”

Impacts of pro‐inflammatory cytokines variant on cardiometabolic profile and premature coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Since serum IL-6 levels were primarily determined by rs1800795 17,18 and were closely linked to CAD [3][4][5] and atherosclerosis, [7][8][9][10][11][12] it is tempting to speculate that rs1800795 may influence the risk of CAD and atherosclerosis by modulating serum IL-6 levels. [3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12]17,18 Since high IL-6 levels were linked with an increased risk of PCAD, 19,20 it is tempting to hypothesize that rs1800795 may increase the risk of PCAD by elevating IL-6 levels. Interestingly, this hypothesis was verified in Ansari et al 21 study whereby the C allele of rs1800795 increased the risk of PCAD by enhancing IL-6 levels.…”

Associations of ECG Signs of Ischemic and Non-Specific Signs of Metabolic Changes in the Myocardium With Unfavorable Cardiovascular Prognosis in a 7-Year Prospective Follow-Up of Young People Under 45 Years

“…Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) остаются на первой позиции причин смертности и инвалидизации населения трудоспособного возраста в мире и в России. Из-вестна тенденция к увеличению распространенности ССЗ и их факторов риска среди населения молодого возраста [1][2][3][4][5].…”