Biomarkers for interstitial lung disease and acute-onset diffuse interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is frequently a complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as an extra-articular manifestation which has a poor prognosis. Acute-onset diffuse ILD (AoDILD) occasionally occurs in RA and includes acute exacerbation of ILD, drug-induced ILD, and Pneumocystis pneumonia. AoDILD also confers a poor prognosis in RA. Previously-established biomarkers for ILD include Krebs von den lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D originally defined in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; the sensitivity of these markers for RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD) is low. Although many studies on ILD markers have been performed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, only a few validation studies in RA-ILD or AoDILD have been reported. Biomarkers for RA-ILD and AoDILD are thus still required. Recently, genomic, cytokine, antibody, and metabolomic profiles of RA-ILD or AoDILD have been investigated with the aim of improving biomarkers. In this review, we summarize current preliminary data on these potential biomarkers for RA-ILD or AoDILD. The development of biomarkers on RA-ILD has only just begun. When validated, such candidate biomarkers will provide valuable information on pathogenesis, prognosis, and drug responses in RA-ILD in future.

A Review of Metabolomic Profiling in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Bringing New Insights in Disease Pathogenesis, Treatment and Comorbidities

“…CVD was already associated with elevated levels of plasma dimethylarginine and increased arginase activity as potential indicators of cardiovascular risk [ 148 ]. In interstitial lung disease (ILD) problems associated with RA were found where the serum levels of decanoic acid and morpholine were decreased, and glycerol increased [ 149 ]. Thus, metabolites analysis may clarify several extra-articular manifestations of RA.…”

Novel Biomarkers, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease—A Narrative Review

“…A single nucleotide variation (SNV) in the promoter region of the MUC5B gene, rs35705950, has been linked to familial and sporadic IPF. Additionally, a link has been established between RA-ILD and the mutation of the MUC5B gene [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Nuevos biomarcadores y enfoques diagnósticos y terapéuticos en la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial por artritis reumatoide: una revisión narrativa

“…Una variación de un solo nucleótido (single nucleotide variation, SNV) en la región promotora del gen MUC5B, rs35705950, se ha vinculado con la FPI familiar y esporádica. Además, se ha establecido una relación entre la AR-EPI y la mutación del gen MUC5B [35, 36].…”