Biomarker Approach Towards Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

Abstract

: Rheumatoid arthritis is an auto-immune disorder, recognized by cartilage as well as bone destruction which causes irreversible joint deformities, which further results in functional limitations in the patient. Genes like HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22 are likely implicated in the genetic predisposition of rheumatoid arthritis pathology. The first and foremost clinical manifestation person with rheumatoid arthritis, is joint destruction followed by cartilage and bone destruction caused by cell-cell interactions. The cell-cell interactions are thought to be initialized through the contact of Antigenpresenting cell (APC) with CD4+ cells, all this leads to the progression of the disease. APC includes a complex of class ІІ major histocompatibility complex molecules along with peptide antigens and binds to the receptors present on the surface of T-cells. Further, the activation of macrophage is followed by the release of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α which leads to the secretion of enzymes that degrade proteoglycan and collagen which in turn increases the tissue degradation. Biomarkers like IL-6, IL-12, IL-8 and IL-18, 14-3-3η, RANKL, IFN-γ, IFN-β and TGF-β have been designated as key biomarkers in disease development and progression. The study of these biomarkers is very important as it acts as a molecular indicator of pathological processes that aggravate the disease.

LC-MS-based rheumatoid arthritis serum metabolomics reveals the role of deoxyinosine in attenuating collagen-induced arthritis in mice

“…The CIA mouse model is commonly used to study RA [ 32 ]. Consistent with previous reports [ 33 ], our data showed that DI could effectively attenuate CIA, as demonstrated by the alleviation of RA-related symptoms, including synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, bone destruction, and cartilage erosion, combined with a reduction in arthritis score, paw thickening and recovered joint bone structure. Abnormal T cell activation and the subsequent persistent inflammatory response play a crucial role in RA development [ 34 ].…”

Immune-regulating strategy against rheumatoid arthritis by inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells with modified zinc peroxide nanoparticles

“…The interaction between DCs and CD4 + T cells was shown by an increase in a series of key biomarkers, such as RANKL, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TGF-β [ 50 ], which promoted the development and progression of RA. igDC stimulation activated CD4 + T-cell homeostasis by facilitating the release of inflammatory cytokines from functional T cells [ 51 ].…”

Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs: A new avenue for the future treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

“…bDMARDs include mainly tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors, interleukin-6 (IL-6) antagonists, and costimulatory factor modulators. bDMARDs are characterized by special targeting factors, but the costs are higher than those of other treatment methods, and the economic burden of patients is greater [ 21 ].…”