Bioluminescence – The Vibrant Glow of Nature and its Chemical Mechanisms

Abstract

Bioluminescence, the mesmerizing natural phenomenon where living organisms produce light through chemical reactions, has long captivated scientists and laypersons alike, offering a rich tapestry of insights into biological function, ecology, evolution as well as the underlying chemistry. This comprehensive review systematically explores the phenomenon of bioluminescence, addressing its historical context, geographic dispersion, and ecological significance with a focus on their chemical mechanisms. We discuss terrestrial bioluminescence in various habitats, including fireflies in Central Europe, luminescent fungi in Brazil's Atlantic rainforest, and glowing species in New Zealand's Waitomo Caves and the Siberian Steppes. The marine section covers deep‐sea jellyfish, seasonal bioluminescence in Japan's Toyama Bay, and symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria. Each organism's discovery, ecological function, and distribution are detailed, emphasizing the chemistry behind their luminescence. We conclude with practical experiments in bioluminescence and chemiluminescence for educational purposes. Our goal with this review is to provide a summary of bioluminescence across the diverse ecological contexts, contributing to the broader understanding of this unique biological phenomenon and its chemical mechanisms.