Biology of Naegleria spp.

Marciano‐Cabral, Francine

doi:10.1128/mmbr.52.1.114-133.1988

Cited by 144 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(263 reference statements)

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“…In the environment, N. fowleri may be found in association with other thermophilic species such as N. lovaniensis and N. australiensis [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Naegleria fowleri and other naegleriae by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization methods

Sparagano¹

1993

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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In order to detect and identify Naegleria fowleri strains an assay based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was evaluated. The amplified DNA fragments were detected by gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining, followed by Southern blot hybridization with an internal digoxigenin-labeled probe. A set of primers (B1B2) which flank a 678-bp region within a virulence-associated gene, allowed for the highly specific identification of N. fowleri, since Naegleriae (N. lovaniensis, N. australiensis, N. gruberi, N. andersoni and N. jadini) and other Protozoa did not react. These primers did not detect amplification products from various organisms: Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, algae, yeasts and human DNA. Whereas a second set of primers (A1A2), which flank a different sequence, detected various Naegleriae and Acanthamoebae strains. After 40 amplification cycles, the limit of detection was a single cell (cyst or trophozoite). Thus, the PCR appears to be a rapid and powerful tool for identification and detection of N. fowleri.

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“…In the environment, N. fowleri may be found in association with other thermophilic species such as N. lovaniensis and N. australiensis [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Naegleria fowleri and other naegleriae by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization methods

Sparagano¹

1993

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic amoeba widespread in soil, sediment and water [1,2]. This pathogenic agent causes a fatal meningoencephalitis, mostly in healthy young people, by inhalating contaminated water [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Naegleria fowleri cysts in environmental samples by using a DNA probe

Sparagano

1993

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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In this study we tried to detect DNA Naegleria fowleri in artificially contaminated environmental samples, with or without sediments, containing 10(4) cysts of this pathogenic amoeba. We used two assays to extract DNA from samples: first, direct DNA extraction, which gave positive results only for water samples without sediment; second, DNA extraction after sample incubation on agar plates, which allowed us to remove amoeba growing out of the sediments, and which gave positive results for all samples, even those initially with sediments (5, 500 or 500 mg). Thus, this molecular identification appears as a powerful tool to investigate N. fowleri growth in environmental samples.

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“…Naegleria species are typical inhabitants of freshwater microbial ecosystems (Gianinazzi et al 2010;Kao et al 2012Kao et al , 2013Painter et al 2013). Among these protozoa, N. fowleri have been traced to recreational water-related activities (Marciano-Cabral 1988;Tyndall et al 1989;Lares-Villa and Hern andez-Peña 2010), and only in rare cases, they have been found in domestic water sources (Cabanes et al 2001;Marciano-Cabral et al 2003;Blair et al 2008). The presence of such pathogenic amoebae in disinfected waters represents a major threat to public health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the most serious diseases caused by FLA is primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal central nervous system disease. Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of this infection, which results from amoeba-contaminated water entering the nasal cavity (Marciano-Cabral 1988;Visvesvara et al 2007;Kaushal et al 2008). This infection is rare and, to date, less than 300 cases have been reported worldwide since 1965 (De Jonckheere 2011; Moussa et al 2013;Tung et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocidal efficacy of monochloramine against planktonic and biofilm-associated Naegleria fowleri cells

Goudot

Herbelin²,

Mathieu

et al. 2014

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims: Free-living amoebae (FLA) in aqueous systems are a problem for water network managers and health authorities because some are pathogenic, such as Naegleria fowleri, and they have also been reported to operate as reservoirs and vectors of several pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, to better control the occurrence of such amoebae, we evaluate the efficacy of monochloramine against planktonic forms (trophozoites and cysts) and also biofilm-associated cells of N. fowleri as FLA are often associated with biofilms. Methods and Results: From a freshwater biofilm growing in a pilot reactor and inoculated with N. fowleri, we obtained Ct values ranging from 4 to 17 mg Cl 2 min l À1 at 25°C and pH 8Á2 on both planktonic and biofilm associated cells. In addition, the inactivation pattern of biofilm associated was intermediate between those of trophozo€ ıtes and cysts. Conclusions:The monochloramine efficiency varies with the life stage of N. fowleri (trophozo€ ıte, cyst, and biofilm-associated). The sensitivity to disinfectant of amoeba, that is, trophozo€ ıtes and cysts, in the biofilm life stage is as high as that of their planktonic cyst form. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study gives Ct values for cysts and biofilm-associated N. fowleri. This may impact on water treatment strategies against amoebae and should be considered when controlling N. fowleri in manmade water systems such as cooling towers or hot water systems.

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Biology of Naegleria spp.

Cited by 144 publications

References 136 publications

Differentiation of Naegleria fowleri and other naegleriae by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization methods

Differentiation of Naegleria fowleri and other naegleriae by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization methods

Detection of Naegleria fowleri cysts in environmental samples by using a DNA probe

Biocidal efficacy of monochloramine against planktonic and biofilm-associated Naegleria fowleri cells

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