Biology of milk thistle (<i>Silybum marianum</i>) and the management options for growers in north‐western Pakistan

Khan, Majid; Blackshaw, Robert E.; Marwat, Khan Bahadar

doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00326.x

Cited by 55 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The increasing worldwide demand for silymarin is endangering the sparse populations of S. marianum in the Mediterranean region (Ahmad et al 2008). Moreover, knowledge of yield and chemical composition is limited (Khan et al 2009). The present study was directed towards medium components and conditions alterations wishing better silymarin yield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasing worldwide demand for silymarin is endangering the sparse populations of S. marianum in the Mediterranean region (Ahmad et al 2008). Moreover, knowledge of yield and chemical composition is limited (Khan et al 2009). The efficiency of seed germination and seedling growth in some species of Asteraceae is low, inconsistent, and is highly dependent on various biological and environmental factors (Abbasi et al 2010a, b).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Improved silymarin content in elicited multiple shoot cultures of Silybum marianum L.

Sherif

Khattab

Ibrahim

et al. 2012

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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Silybum marianum L. extracts are being used as antihepatotoxic therapy for liver diseases. Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid mixture isolated from milk thistle which is believed to be responsible for the plant's hepatoprotective action. Regeneration of Silybum marianum plants from shoot tip explants and assessment of their morphogenic potential, silymarin total concentration and its major constituents upon exposure to medium composition alteration and different elicitors' application was targeted. Different concentrations of NaCl, quercetin, gamma irradiation and dried fungal extracts were used to elicit silymarin production in the cultures. The chemical composition of silymarin and its total concentration was investigated through HPLC at all the experiment stages. Multiple shoots were recorded after 3 weeks of culture on MS medium containing various concentrations of BA and/or NAA. IAA was more effective than NAA and IBA in inducing robust roots in shoot cultures. The flowering plants recorded 20 % and 40 % of the total plants number in the multiplication and rooting stages respectively. The highest total silymarin concentration reached its peak with (10 Gy) gamma-irradiation to be 6.598 % dry weight in the in vitro regenerated shoot tip explants. The in vitro grown flowers showed 1.7 times more sylimarin productivity as compared to that of the wild grown congruent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasing worldwide demand for silymarin is endangering the sparse populations of S. marianum in the Mediterranean region (Ahmad et al 2008). Moreover, knowledge of yield and chemical composition is limited (Khan et al 2009). The efficiency of seed germination and seedling growth in some species of Asteraceae is low, inconsistent, and is highly dependent on various biological and environmental factors (Abbasi et al 2010a, b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved silymarin content in elicited multiple shoot cultures of Silybum marianum L.

Sherif

Khattab

Ibrahim

et al. 2012

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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“…comm.). In order to reduce milk thistle biomass, grazing by goat has been suggested for non-crop areas (Khan et al, 2009).However, milk thistle is considered a weed in sowed annual legume pastures (Sulas et al, 2008), waste areas, cereal crops, decreasing wheat yields (Khan et al, 2009), and along roadsides (Karkanis et al, 2011).Milk thistle is a medicinal plant cultivated in agriculture. It is the most researched plant for the treatment of liver disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

Weed infestation in the stand of milk thistle and infestation in sustainable crop rotation

Týr¹

2015

Acta fytotechn zootechn

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-90 - Acta fytotechn. zootechn., 18, 2015(4) IntroductionWeeds are everywhere. Weeds exist only in relation to us. A weed solution can lead to unforeseen new problems. A plant we may find unsightly might be the very one on which other rely in order to thrive. Its removal can create opportunities for other more noxious plants to prosper (Edwards, 2015).Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. -milk thistle -grown as a medicinal plant in several countries, is considered as a weed in pastures and cereal crops but also as an interesting plant for biomass production. As an additional contribution to the full exploitation of such promising species, two Sardinian populations of Silybum marianum were investigated for chemical composition, bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties at vegetative and reproductive stages (Sulas et al., 2015).According to Carpino et al. (2003), milk thistle, as spontaneous weed, is scarcely consumed by large and small ruminants grazing on Mediterranean pastures but an increased animal preference has been observed in Sardinia by local farmers when milk thistle is harvested as silage or hay (Sanna S, pers. comm.). In order to reduce milk thistle biomass, grazing by goat has been suggested for non-crop areas (Khan et al., 2009).However, milk thistle is considered a weed in sowed annual legume pastures (Sulas et al., 2008), waste areas, cereal crops, decreasing wheat yields (Khan et al., 2009), and along roadsides (Karkanis et al., 2011).Milk thistle is a medicinal plant cultivated in agriculture. It is the most researched plant for the treatment of liver disease. The achenes, i.e. fruits of the plant, are commonly used as a medicinal drug; they are the raw material for isolation of different substances with liver-protection activity. Its therapeutic properties are due to the presence of silymarin. The seeds contain the highest amount of silymarin, but the whole plant Weed infestation in the stand of milk thistle and infestation in sustainable crop rotation Štefan Týr Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak RepublicMilk thistle -Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. can be a winter annual or a biennial medicinal plant. This study was focused on milk thistle as a weed in the sustainable farming system with the crop rotation of maize for grain, common pea for grain, durum wheat and milk thistle. The assessment of the occurrence of Milk thistle in sustainable crop rotation was conducted at the Experimental Base of Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in the years 2013-2015. An actual weed infestation of maize, common pea and durum wheat stands with milk thistle was evaluated before preemergence application of herbicides, in the spring time. Second screening of actual weed infestation of all stands in sustainable crop rotation with milk thistle was done before crops harvest. Screening of each field was made on 1 m 2 area with three replications. The three randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 10 m from field margin and apart from e...

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“…Both are winter annual with luxurious rapid growth (Young et al, 1978;Austin et al, 1988;Groves and Kaye, 1989). Being a major weed in wheat it causes considerable yield reduction (Omtvedt, 1984;Khan and Marwat, 2006;Shimi et al, 2006). Although its management through herbicides is easier than grassy weeds but species shift as well as herbicide-resistance may be created (Bhowmik and Inderjit, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Water Hyacinth and Water Lettuce Aqueous Extracts on Growth and Germination of Wheat and Its Associated Troublesome Weeds

Gul¹

2017

Appl Ecol Env Res

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Gul et al.: Impact of water hyacinth and water lettuce aqueous extracts on growth and germination of wheat and its weeds - Abstract. To study the effect of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes on germination of wheat and its weeds, a lab experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The seeds of test species were soaked in respective concentrations of aquatic weeds' aqueous extracts for 24 hrs before putting in Petri plates. E. crassipes extracts reduced wild oat germination to zero, milk thistle to 10% and wheat to 20%. Similarly, P. stratiotes also reduced wild oat (6.7%) and wheat germination (26.7%). Shoot length is reduced to 2.57 cm in wild oat compared to milk thistle (6.06 cm) and wheat (9.08 cm). E. crassipes reduced wild oat shoot length weight to zero, while shoot weight of wheat is reduced (0.06 g), yet increased Silybum (0.08 g). P. stratiotes decreased shoot weight in all test species. At lower concentration E. crassipes enhanced root weight in wild oat and Silybum (7.7, 5.7g), while P. stratiotes reduced (0.01g each), yet enhanced it at higher concentration (7.7g each). The extracts negatively affected all test species, but the weeds performed well at lower concentration. These aquatic weeds can be used as mulch for weed management in wheat due to their allelopathy potential towards noxious weeds of wheat.

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Biology of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the management options for growers in north‐western Pakistan

Cited by 55 publications

References 33 publications

Improved silymarin content in elicited multiple shoot cultures of Silybum marianum L.

Improved silymarin content in elicited multiple shoot cultures of Silybum marianum L.

Weed infestation in the stand of milk thistle and infestation in sustainable crop rotation

Impact of Water Hyacinth and Water Lettuce Aqueous Extracts on Growth and Germination of Wheat and Its Associated Troublesome Weeds

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