Biology of female sexual function

Munárriz, Ricardo; Kim, Noel N.; Goldstein, Irwin; Traish, Abdul

doi:10.1016/s0094-0143(02)00069-1

Cited by 73 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In vitro and in vivo approaches may provide insights into disease mechanisms (85)(86)(87). Hormonal determinants and possible therapies in women remain controversial (88).…”

Section: Female Sexual Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urologic Complications of Diabetes

et al. 2005

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“…In vitro and in vivo approaches may provide insights into disease mechanisms (85)(86)(87). Hormonal determinants and possible therapies in women remain controversial (88).…”

Section: Female Sexual Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urologic Complications of Diabetes

et al. 2005

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“…Indeed, the hormonal environment is certainly relevant to sexual function given the evidence that estrogens and androgens modulate cortical coordinating and controlling areas that interpret what sensations are perceived as sexual and issue appropriate commands to the rest of the nervous system. In addition, sex hormones affect the threshold of sensitivity of both non-genital and genital organs and of hypothalamic-limbic structures, in which they elicit conscious perception and pleasurable reactions by influencing the release of specific neurotransmitters and neuromodulators [5,6]. The importance of adequate estrogen levels, mainly estradiol, in preserving vaginal receptivity and preventing dyspareunia has long been established, as well as its permissive role in mental awareness and sexual receptivity.…”

Section: Natural Menopause and Sexual Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women

Nappi

Wawra

Schmitt

2006

Gynecological Endocrinology

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Decreases in sex hormone levels with menopause may bring about a number of consequences in women's general health and sexual well-being, especially when levels decline suddenly and prematurely, as in surgical menopause. In addition to the well-established role of estrogens in preserving the biological basis of sexual response, there is emerging evidence that androgens are significant independent determinants affecting sexual desire, activity and satisfaction, as well as mood, energy and other components of women's health. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), a persistent absence of sexual fantasies or thoughts and/or desire for and receptivity to sexual activity that causes personal distress, is experienced by some postmenopausal women. Even though conventional hormone therapy with estrogens or estrogens and progestogens may be effective for vaginal atrophy, increasing vaginal lubrication and reducing dyspareunia, it has not been shown to consistently increase sexual desire or activity and many women with sexual dysfunction remain unresponsive. Several recent, large, phase III studies have shown that the addition of transdermal testosterone to conventional hormone therapy can be helpful in surgically menopausal women presenting with HSDD. After 24 weeks of treatment in these studies, testosterone-treated women experienced significantly greater increases in satisfying sexual activity and sexual desire, and greater decreases in distress, than placebo-treated women. Accurate clinical assessment and individualized management of sexual symptoms are fundamentally important for all menopausal women with HSDD or other sexual problems.

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“…23,24 In females, many investigators have found that NO may also participate in female sexual response and vascular relaxation in the clitoris and vagina, and NO is also suspected to be sex hormone dependent. 7,8,10,11 However, estrogen and testosterone have a complicated action, which is species dependent, and some controversy exists on the relation between vaginal smooth muscular contractility and the action of NO. We measured vaginal nNOS and eNOS expression instead of nNO or eNO because NO is relatively unstable and difficult to measure.…”

Section: Stress and Sexual Function In Ratmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 It is believed that nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) play important roles in these reactions. [9][10][11] In this study, we undertook to investigate the effects of physical stress on sexual function by measuring changes in sexual behaviors, serum hormonal levels, and in neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) concentrations in vaginal tissues, both important mediators of smooth muscle relaxation and vascular engorgement, and therefore sexual arousal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stress on female rat sexual function

et al. 2004

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This study was undertaken to investigate whether prolonged stress interferes with sexual behavior and changes biochemical and physiologic mechanisms. Experiments were repeated three times with different rats in each period. In all, 63 female Sprague-Dawley rats were employed, with 21 rats in each period, and the control group was maintained at room temperature with free access to food and water. The stress group was maintained under a scheduled stress condition for 10 days, and seven rats from the group were randomly selected and exposed to the control environment for 10 days as the recovery group. Sexual behavior, hormonal values, and neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS) expressions of vaginal tissue were analyzed and compared. Serum testosterone levels were significantly elevated in the stress and recovery groups (Po0.05). Female rats in the stress group showed reduced receptivity to their male mates (Po0.05). Western blot analysis demonstrated that nNOS and eNOS expressions were significantly lower in the stress group (Po0.05) than in the other groups. We conclude that chronic physical stress modifies the sexual behavior of female rats through a mechanism believed to involve complex changes in sex hormones, endocrine factors, and neurotransmitters.

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Biology of female sexual function

Cited by 73 publications

References 35 publications

Urologic Complications of Diabetes

Urologic Complications of Diabetes

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women

Effects of stress on female rat sexual function

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