Biology of antimicrobial resistance and approaches to combat it

Abstract

Insufficient development of new antibiotics and the rising resistance of bacteria to those that we have are putting the world at risk of losing the most widely curative class of medicines currently available. Preventing deaths from antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will require exploiting emerging knowledge not only about genetic AMR conferred by horizontal gene transfer or de novo mutations but also about phenotypic AMR, which lacks a stably heritable basis. This Review summarizes recent advances and continuing limitations in our understanding of AMR and suggests approaches for combating its clinical consequences, including identification of previously unexploited bacterial targets, new antimicrobial compounds, and improved combination drug regimens.

Digital Insights Into Nucleotide Metabolism and Antibiotic Treatment Failure

“…Advances in transposon insertion sequencing ( 87 ) and adaptive lab evolution ( 88 ) are revealing new mechanisms for antibiotic resistance. Indeed, it would be exciting for future discoveries to reveal how nucleotide metabolism may contribute to antibiotic failure mechanisms beyond persistence ( 11 ) and potentially rewrite our understanding of antimicrobial resistance ( 29 ).…”

“…Antibiotic treatment failure is conventionally understood to be fully explained by antibiotic resistance, in which a pathogen acquires a genetic mutation either to reduce the ability of an antibiotic to inhibit its target or reduce the effective intracellular concentration of an antibiotic ( 15 , 29 ). Indeed, antibiotic resistance mutations from sequenced clinical isolates frequently appear in either the target of the antibiotic, modifying the ability of an antibiotic to bind, or in the promoter regions of drug efflux pumps, inducing antibiotic export ( 30 ).…”

“…Bacterial metabolism is now understood to be an important physiological regulator of antibiotic efficacy ( 39 ). Across living systems, cellular metabolism is governed by the synthesis, allocation, and utilization of energy; and a growing number of studies demonstrate that metabolic dormancy protects cells from antibiotic treatment by inducing a phenotypically tolerant physiological state ( 29 ). Moreover, ATP synthesis correlates with the lethality of bactericidal antibiotics better than bacterial growth rates ( 40 ), suggesting that antibiotic-induced lethality is an active process and not merely a passive consequence of the loss-of-function of an essential gene product.…”

Nanodiamonds for bioapplications, recent developments

“…19,20 There is also a renewed interest for elaborating new strategies against infectious diseases causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage, due to the growing antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, characterized by drug-resistant bacteria. [21][22][23] Some alternatives to antibiotics have already been tested, and many of them consisting of NPs-polymers composites searching for the best anti-adhesive properties against bacteria and their protective barriers, the so-called biofilms. [24][25][26][27][28] Nanodiamonds are gradually tested as potent efficient tools to fight infections, because they can hold optical transparency, fluorescence behavior, and tunable surfaces.…”

Антибіотики Та Антибіотикорезистентні Властивості Мікроорганізмів Молока

“…1): здоров'я молочної залози; гігієна доїльної зали та обладнання; інтенсивність утворення біоплівок; технологія утримання корів; температура молока, тривалість зберігання; використання антибіотиків та поширення генів антибіотикорезистентності; профілактичні заходи та вибраковка корів. Кожен із зазначених факторів істотно впливає на безпеку молочного продукту, однак поширення антибіотиків у довкіллі та через харчові продукти є однією з глобальних проблем людства [5]. Рисунок 1.…”