Biology, Culture, and Temperamental Biases

Kagan, Jerome; Fox, Nathan A.

doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0304

Cited by 98 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 259 publications

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“…It is also possible that cognitive behavioral therapy models focused exclusively on social threat may have different effects on threat perception as measured in this study than standard CBT [33]. Further studies on the role environmental factors might play in maintaining or ameliorating threat perception, on threat perception in behaviorally inhibited children (at risk for social anxiety) [34], and on the relationship between threat perception and brain imaging, particularly in relation to treatment, are also indicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat perception predicts cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes in anxious children

Manassis¹,

Hum²,

Lee³

et al. 2013

OJPsych

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Objective: Anxiety disorders of childhood are prevalent, debilitating conditions that do not always respond to existing treatments. Attentional biases towards threatening stimuli have been reported in anxious children and hypothesized to interfere with treatment response. Therefore, we examined such biases in children with anxiety disorders in relation to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes. Method: Thirty-eight children diagnosed with anxiety disorders in a specialized clinic (21 girls and 17 boys; age = 10.50 ± 1.11 years) and 36 unaffected community controls (19 girls and 17 boys; age = 10.20 ± 1.07 years) participated. Participants completed standardized questionnaire measures of anxiety and a probe position task (PPT) with facial cues. This task often reveals a response slowing effect related to threatening faces in vulnerable individuals. Children with anxiety disorders repeated these measures after completing CBT. Results: Groups did not differ in performance on the PPT, but angry/calm incongruent difference scores were significantly associated with self-reports of social anxiety and state anxiety. When controlling for pre-CBT anxiety levels, incongruent difference scores involving angry faces predicted post-CBT anxiety disorders index scores on the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. PPT scores did not change significantly with CBT. Conclusions: Attentional bias towards threat on the PPT task may predict response to CBT and appears linked to social anxiety. Interventions to ameliorate this bias merit further study, as they might improve treatment outcomes for anxious, especially socially anxious, children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat perception predicts cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes in anxious children

Manassis¹,

Hum²,

Lee³

et al. 2013

OJPsych

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“…Significant estimates of (partial) mediation were consistent with the premise that lower levels of rejection may, in part, support greater engagement for shyer children. Shyness, especially at less extreme levels, may indicate children who are more sensitive and attuned to the needs and behaviors of others (Kagan & Fox, 2006)and thus more likely to maintain positive peer relations. Indeed, research suggests that shyness and inhibition to unfamiliar stimuli(a strong correlate of shyness) may be protective factors for negative behavior (Kochanska, 1991(Kochanska, , 1993(Kochanska, , 1995Kochanska, Gross, Lin,& Nichols, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperament, or the pattern of reactivity displayed by children in response to environmental stimuli (Kagan & Fox, 2006),is one aspect of children's behavioral tendencies that has been linked to early school and academic adjustment. Shyness or social withdrawal, in particular, is one behavioral pattern linked to temperamental reactivity (Kagan, 1992) that has received specific attention as a potential causal factor in the development of children's peer relationships and subsequent adjustment at school entry.…”

Section: Temperament Peers and Adjustmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shyness and engagement: Contributions of peer rejection and teacher sensitivity

Buhs

Rudasill

Kalutskaya

et al. 2015

Early Childhood Research Quarterly

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“…Reactive control processes pertain to relatively involuntary motivational approach and avoidance systems of response reactivity that, at extreme levels, result in impulsive undercontrol and rigid overcontrol. Measures typically tap, but are not confined to: (a) impulsivity: pertains to speed of response initiation and surgent approach behaviors, and (b) overcontrol--rigid, constrained behavior or behavioral inhibition (i.e., slow or inhibited approach in situations involving novelty or uncertainty; note that this is a different construct than inhibitory control) (Derryberry & Rothbart, 1997;Kagan & Fox, 2006). Pickering and Gray (1999) and others (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999) have argued that motivational systems related to undercontrolled/impulsive and overly inhibited behaviors are associated with subcortical brain systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children's sympathy: A longitudinal study

Eisenberg

Michalik

Spinrad

et al. 2007

Cognitive Development

102

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The relations of children's (n = 214 at Time 1; M age = 6 years at Time 1) dispositional sympathy to adult-reported and behavioral measures of effortful control (EC) and impulsivity were examined in a longitudinal study including five assessments, each two years apart. Especially for boys, relatively high levels of EC and growth in EC were related to high sympathy. Teacher-reported impulsivity was generally modestly negatively related to measures of teacher-reported sympathy for boys, and a decline in impulsivity was linked to boys' sympathy. Some findings suggested a positive association between impulsivity and children's self-reported sympathy. EC, especially when reported by teachers, was more often a unique predictor of sympathy than was impulsivity. Results generally support the argument that sympathetic individuals, especially boys, are high in EC and that EC is a more consistent predictor of sympathy than impulsivity.

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Biology, Culture, and Temperamental Biases

Cited by 98 publications

References 259 publications

Threat perception predicts cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes in anxious children

Threat perception predicts cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes in anxious children

Shyness and engagement: Contributions of peer rejection and teacher sensitivity

The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children's sympathy: A longitudinal study

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