Biology and genetics of the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis

Nosek, Jozef; Holesova, Zuzana; Kósa, Péter; Gácser, Attila; Tomáška, Ľubomír

doi:10.1007/s00294-009-0268-4

Cited by 63 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Recombination between rDNA repeats can also yield extrachromosomal rDNA circles and linear rDNA extrachromosomal plasmids (1, 74), but a correlation between rDNA repeats and aging, as described for some S. cerevisiae strains (62,176), or genome integrity (80) has not been detected (61a). Similar changes for ChrR have been described for related Candida species, including C. parapsilosis (138).…”

Section: Types Of Genetic Diversity In C Albicansmentioning

confidence: 65%

Genomic Plasticity of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

2010

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The genomic plasticity of Candida albicans, a commensal and common opportunistic fungal pathogen, continues to reveal unexpected surprises. Once thought to be asexual, we now know that the organism can generate genetic diversity through several mechanisms, including mating between cells of the opposite or of the same mating type and by a parasexual reduction in chromosome number that can be accompanied by recombination events (2, 12, 14, 53, 77, 115). In addition, dramatic genome changes can appear quite rapidly in mitotic cells propagated in vitro as well as in vivo. The detection of aneuploidy in other fungal pathogens isolated directly from patients (145) and from environmental samples (71) suggests that variations in chromosome organization and copy number are a common mechanism used by pathogenic fungi to rapidly generate diversity in response to stressful growth conditions, including, but not limited to, antifungal drug exposure. Since cancer cells often become polyploid and/or aneuploid, some of the lessons learned from studies of genome plasticity in C. albicans may provide important insights into how these processes occur in higher-eukaryotic cells exposed to stresses such as anticancer drugs.

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Section: Types Of Genetic Diversity In C Albicansmentioning

confidence: 65%

Genomic Plasticity of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

2010

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“…Candida parapsilosis is a pathogenic yeast with increasing medical importance, which exhibits a number of peculiar features (Nosek et al, 2009;Trofa et al, 2008;van Asbeck et al, 2009;Weems, 1992). This species is commonly isolated from environmental sources such as soil, plants and plant-associated insects (Carruba et al, 1991;Suh et al, 2008;Trindade et al, 2002), suggesting that it participates in decomposition of decaying plant tissues including hemicellulose and lignin degradation products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gentisate and 3-oxoadipate pathways in the yeast Candida parapsilosis: identification and functional analysis of the genes coding for 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase and 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase

et al. 2011

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The pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis degrades various hydroxy derivatives of benzenes and benzoates by the gentisate and 3-oxoadipate pathways. We identified the genes MNX1, MNX2, MNX3, GDX1, HDX1 and FPH1 that code for enzymes involved in these pathways in the complete genome sequence of C. parapsilosis. Next, we demonstrated that MNX1, MNX2, MNX3 and GDX1 are inducible and transcriptionally controlled by hydroxyaromatic substrates present in cultivation media. Our results indicate that MNX1 and MNX2 code for flavoprotein monooxygenases catalysing the first steps in the 3-oxoadipate and gentisate pathways, respectively (i.e. 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase and 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase). Moreover, we found that the two pathways differ by their intracellular localization. The enzymes of the 3-oxoadipate pathway, Mnx1p and Mnx3p, localize predominantly in the cytosol. In contrast, intracellular localization of the components of the gentisate pathway, Mnx2p and Gdx1p, depends on the substrate in the cultivation medium. In cells growing on glucose these proteins localize in the cytosol, whereas in media containing hydroxyaromatic compounds they associate with mitochondria. Finally, we showed that the overexpression of MNX1 or MNX2 increases the tolerance of C. parapsilosis cells to the antifungal drug terbinafine.

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“…For example, C. tropicalis is more commonly found on mucosal surfaces and is also associated with neutropenia and hematological malignancies (1,13,14). C. parapsilosis, frequently found on the skin and nails, typically forms biofilms on medical devices such as intravenous catheters and parenteral nutrition tubes and is associated with bloodstream and neonate infections (15)(16)(17)(18). C. guilliermondii is an emerging fungal pathogen with a higher incidence in Latin America that has been encountered more frequently in nail infections but can also cause invasive infection in rare cases (19)(20)(21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Evolution of Morphological Regulatory Functions in Candida Species

et al. 2013

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Morphological transitions play an important role in virulence and virulence-related processes in a wide variety of pathogenic fungi, including the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. While environmental signals, transcriptional regulators, and target genes associated with C. albicans morphogenesis are well-characterized, considerably little is known about morphological regulatory mechanisms and the extent to which they are evolutionarily conserved in less pathogenic and less filamentous non-albicans Candida species (NACS). We have identified specific optimal filament-inducing conditions for three NACS (C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. guilliermondii), which are very limited, suggesting that these species may be adapted for niche-specific filamentation in the host. Only a subset of evolutionarily conserved C. albicans filament-specific target genes were induced upon filamentation in C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. guilliermondii. One of the genes showing conserved expression was UME6, a key filament-specific regulator of C. albicans hyphal development. Constitutive high-level expression of UME6 was sufficient to drive increased filamentation as well as biofilm formation and partly restore conserved filament-specific gene expression in both C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, suggesting that evolutionary differences in filamentation ability among pathogenic Candida species may be partially attributed to alterations in the expression level of a conserved filamentous growth machinery. In contrast to UME6, NRG1, an important repressor of C. albicans filamentation, showed only a partly conserved role in controlling NACS filamentation. Overall, our results suggest that C. albicans morphological regulatory functions are partially conserved in NACS and have evolved to respond to more specific sets of host environmental cues.

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Biology and genetics of the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis

Cited by 63 publications

References 122 publications

Genomic Plasticity of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

Genomic Plasticity of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

Gentisate and 3-oxoadipate pathways in the yeast Candida parapsilosis: identification and functional analysis of the genes coding for 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase and 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase

Comparative Evolution of Morphological Regulatory Functions in Candida Species

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