Biology and External Morphology of Immature Stages of the Butterfly,Diaethria candrena candrena

Abstract

The biology and the external morphology of immature stages of Diaethria candrena candrena (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) are described. Immature D. c. candrena found on Allophylus spp. (Sapindaceae) were collected in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil and reared in the laboratory. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are given, based on observations using electronic, stereoscopic, and optic microscopes, the latter two attached to camera lucida. Results are compared and discussed with immature stages of other species of Biblidinae described to date.

Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of the ButterflyCallicore pygas eucale, with Comments on the Taxonomy of the GenusCallicore(Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)

“…We remind that only superficial characters could be compared in the present study, and detailed descriptions as presented by Barbosa et al (2010) and Dias et al (2012) certainly will improve comparative studies in the future. Additionally, descriptions of morphology and host plant use for species of some genera of Callicorina without any information of the immature stages will be helpful to extract further characters for taxonomy and phylogeny (Freitas and Brown 2004).…”

“…Additionally, Dias et al (2012) reported the use of multiple species of Sapindaceae under laboratory conditions by the related species Diaethria candrena candrena. As suggested by Dias et al (2012), the preference for a host plant in a given site could be the result of the interaction with other Sapindaceae-feeding species recorded at the same location. According to Müller (1886), eggs are laid on both sides of the leaf; however, they are uncommonly found on the upper side, but always at the leaf tip.…”

“…Based on the morphological characters of the larva presented above, Callicore appears to be a heterogeneous assemblage, with some species widely derived and some species morphologically very similar to each other and species of Diaethria, Perisama, Haematera, and Mesotaenia (see Müller 1886, Attal and Crosson du Cormier 1996, Barbosa et al 2010Greeney et al 2010;Dias et al 2012;Janzen and Hallwachs 2012). The presence of abundant scoli is a plesiomorphic condition within the Biblidinae (Freitas and Brown 2004) found in C. cynosura cynosura, C. pitheas, and C. sorana sorana.…”

Exploración Morfológica del Corion en Biblidinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Aspectos Filogenéticos y Clasificatorios

“…En Nymphalidae los trabajos coriónicos fueron escasos y superficiales (Muyshondt y Muyshondt 1975;Jenkins 1983Jenkins , 1984Jenkins , 1985, hasta los artículos de Freitas y Brown (2008), Barbosa et al (2010), Dias et al (2012), y Leite et al (2012ab), entre otros. Aun así, solo comprenden una descripción general de la morfología del corion; como ocurre también en los trabajos de Riodinidae (v. gr.…”

The complete mitochondrial genome of the smudged eighty-eight butterfly Diaethria gabaza eupepla (Salvin & Godman, 1868) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

“…The butterflies of the genus Diaethria Billberg, 1820 (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae: Callicorini) are notable in that they possess color patterns on the ventral hind wings that resemble the numerals “88” or “89” and so are known by the common name “eighty-eight butterflies” (Dias et al. 2012 ). These distinctive patterns create a black, white, and red aposematic wing display intended to deter predators from eating these butterflies (Chai 1986 ; Pinheiro 1996 ).…”