Biologically valuable components, antioxidant activity and proteinase inhibition activity of leaf and callus extracts of Salvia sp.

Abstract

Sage is medicinal plant, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Eight extract samples were tested in this study: extract from Salvia officinalis L. varieties from two different geographical localities (Jaslovské Bohunice and Pobedim, Slovakia), Salvia officinalis L., variety “bicolor”, Salvia officinalis L., variety “purpurescens”, Salvia apiana, Salvia divinorum, and two callus cultures of Salvia sclarea L. and Salvia aethiopis L. The highest values for composite parameters were observed for extract from Salvia apiana. It can be concluded that prepared sage extract samples are rich on polyphenolic acids (2 950±265 μg.mL−1 GAeq.) and amines (197±5.50 μg.mL−1 TRPeq.). HPLC analysis confirmed the dominant content of rosmarinic acid in the extracts; the highest content was detected in the Salvia apiana extract (1 120±15 μg.mL−1). Extract from Salvia apiana expressed too the highest antioxidant activity (1 710 – 4 669 μg.mL−1TEAC). Similarly, the highest inhibition activity was observed for this extract on thrombin (57±3.3 %) and on other proteinases (over 80 %). Spearman correlation analysis and PCA analyses revealed a coherence between antioxidant activity of samples and their content of rosmarinic acid as well as inhibitory activity towards particular proteases, and revealed the significance of thiol based secondary metabolites. Cluster analysis demonstrates the differences of Salvia apiana extract from extracts of S. officinalis L., the group of S. divinorum extract and from callus cultures.

White Sage (Salvia apiana)–a Ritual and Medicinal Plant of the Chaparral: Plant Characteristics in Comparison with Other Salvia Species

“…Besides, the cited work is the only one dealing with total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of S. apiana and other sage species. In comparison to S. officinalis, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of white sage were 1.3-1.6-fold and 1.3-2.0-fold higher, respectively [71].…”

“…As mentioned earlier, S. apiana extracts were shown to contain rosmarinic acid (▶ Table 4), however, the reported values only refer to its content in white sage extracts. According to Vulganova et al [71], rosmarinic acid concentration in S. apiana extracts (1.1 mg/ml) was higher than in S. officinalis, but no specific values were provided for the latter. Besides, the cited work is the only one dealing with total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of S. apiana and other sage species.…”

“…The aerial parts of the Salvia species contain several polar constituents, including flavonoids such as flavones, flavonols, and their glycosides [70]. These are accompanied by rosmarinic acid (38) [71,72] and quinic acid (39) [72], which are common constituents of the plants from the mint family.…”

“…So far, quantitative data are available only for rosmarinic acid, which was determined in methanol extracts (ca. 1.1 mg/ml) [71] and white sage decoction (57 mg per g of the extract) [72].…”

“…Antioxidant activity of S. apiana decoction was confirmed by Afonso et al [72] using 4 methods: DPPH, ferric reducing power assay, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and bleaching of β-carotene. Likewise, in the DPPH scavenging test, ABTS radical cation assay, FRAP method, and reducing power assay, methanolic extract of S. apiana has been reported to have the ability to change the oxidation status [71]. Quantitative results of antioxidant assays are presented in ▶ Table 7.…”