Biologically excretable AIE nanoparticles wear tumor cell-derived “exosome caps” for efficient NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy

Progress of cell membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles for cancer phototherapy

“…As a result, the tumor cell-derived EXO/AIE NP hybrid nanovesicles could offer a potential artificial targeting technique, enhancing tumor diagnostics and PTT after assessing existing AIE NPs with poor targeting properties. 175 Recent research has demonstrated that PTT encourages tumor lymphocyte recruitment and the anticancer effects of CAR-T cells, indicating that PTT and immunotherapy may be an effective way to treat malignancies. 176 Due to its excellent effectiveness and low invasiveness, PTT is one of the most intriguing alternatives to conventional therapy approaches for cancer.…”

Organic Charge‐Transfer Complexes for Near‐Infrared‐Triggered Photothermal Materials

“…[ 83 ] A biomimetic hybrid system based on biologically excretable AIE NPs and tumor‐derived exosomes prepared by electroporation was reported, which performed excellent photothermal conversion ability, tumor targeting, and improved tumor uptake. [ 84 ] Therefore, carefully designed AIE molecules have the potential to overcome the shortcomings of conventional photosensitizers, including poor photostability, nonspecific targeting, low tumor uptake, and shallow tissue penetration depth, but it is noted that AIE molecules must deal with more challenges and requirements.…”

Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE), Life and Health

“…In contrast, AIE-active PSs, with stronger emission in the aqueous medium, exhibit enhanced ROS generation capacity upon aggregation, endowing them with excellent PDT characteristics suitable for practical applications. , Except for restriction of molecular motion, reasonable promotion and utilization of solid-state molecular motion could work as a guideline for designing photothermal and photoacoustic systems. , Following the molecular motion-facilitated nonradiative decay effect, the molecule is pumped to the singlet excited state and then can return to the ground state via nonradiative decay, converting the absorbed light into invisible forms of energy, such as heat. − Thus, according to the Jablonski diagram, as shown in Scheme , when a molecule absorbs a photon and returns to the singlet excited state, there are three competitive pathways to release the excited-state energy and return to the ground state: (i) radiative decay referred to as fluorescence emission, (ii) intersystem crossing (ISC) transition from the singlet excited state to the lowest triplet state with the further release of energy through phosphorescence or transfer to oxygen to generate ROS, and (iii) nonradiative heat dissipation, which is desirable for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The balanced combination of the three excited-state energy dissipations in AIEgens could afford a versatile fluorescence imaging-guided phototheranostic system based on one single molecular species. − Besides, efforts to combine PDT with other therapies, such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy and gene therapy, which could improve disease treatment efficiency and overcome the limitations of individual therapies, are showing promising results in clinical studies. − Furthermore, being modified with different functional groups, AIEgens can be employed to capture analytes in biological systems. , The intrinsic versatility of AIEgens enables fluorescence enhancement upon binding to their targets and differentiation of distinct biomolecular species upon binding. − Pathological processes, including protein aggregation and cell apoptosis, can be monitored as well.…”