Biological uptake, depuration and biochemical effects of diclofenac and carbamazepine in Carassius carassius

Biochemical Marker Assessment of Chronic Carbamazepine Exposure at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations in Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…The significant increase in GST activity measured during our study suggests an oxidative stress-induced adaptive response or, alternatively, the conjugation and excretion processes of CBZ in the liver of common carp. This result is in agreement with a previous study performed by Nkoom et al [ 45 ], where 2 and 10 µg/L CBZ concentration exposure was shown to cause a significant increase in the activity of GST in the liver of Carassius carassius after 1, 4, and 7 days. The data obtained for the biotransformation enzymes (EROD and GST activities) in our study indicates that CBZ was both biotransformed and metabolised in the liver of common carp.…”

“…The significant increase in EROD activity after 28 days of exposure to 50 and 100 µg/L CBZ concentrations indicates that CYP1A enzymes were biosynthesized to detoxify and metabolise CBZ. These results are in accordance with a previous study with Carassius carassius , where 2 and 10 µg/L CBZ concentrations were shown to induce hepatic EROD activity after 1, 4, and 7 days [ 45 ]. Our observation of a decrease in EROD activity after 28 days of exposure to a concentration of 100 µg/L CBZ, as compared to fish exposed for 28 days to 50 µg/L CBZ, may be attributed to liver damage, as proposed in the case of AChE.…”

“…The AChE inhibition observed after 7 days of CBZ exposure in this study is in agreement with the significant reduction in AChE activity previously found in R. philippinarum [ 46 ], in the monogonont rotifer ( Brachionus koreanus ) [ 47 ], and in crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ) [ 45 ] after short-term (<7 days) exposure to CBZ. Reduced AChE activity is attributed to neurotoxic agents, and it is a commonly applied biochemical marker of neurotoxic environmental pollutants [ 48 ].…”

“…In a recent study, CBZ was determined to be the most frequently identified and the 9th highest in concentration among pharmaceutical residues detected in rivers worldwide [ 11 ]. CBZ has been shown to exert harmful chronic effects on non-target organisms, particularly fish, even in very low concentrations [ 7 , 45 ]. In our study, the sub-chronic effects of CBZ were assessed in Cyprinus carpio at environmentally relevant concentrations.…”

Blocking ERK-DAPK1 Axis Attenuates Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Epilepsy

“…Carbamazepine, a commonly used drug for the treatment of TLE, is reported to reduce atrioventricular conduction, thereby increasing the risk of arrhythmias, especially in patients with interictal cardiac autonomic dysfunction [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Moreover, carbamazepine treatment has shown neurotoxic effects, such as dysphasia [ 19 , 20 ]. Valproic acid is mainly used for the control of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCSs), which have a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions and are the most severe form of common epileptic seizure, and status epilepticus; however, valproic acid often causes teratogenic effects in women and severe hepatotoxicity [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”