Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism

Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Balali-Mood, Mahdi; Llewellyn, Lyndon; Singh, Bal Ram

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 569 publications

(854 reference statements)

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“…In its mature form, RT is a 60-65 kDa glycoprotein capable of inhibiting protein synthesis in mammalian cells (1)(2)(3). RT is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the list of select agents and toxins due to its extreme toxicity when inhaled as an aerosol [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necroptosis of Lung Epithelial Cells Triggered by Ricin Toxin and Bystander Inflammation

Kempen

Deragon

Hamersky

et al. 2022

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background/Aims: The ribosome-inactivating proteins include the biothreat agent, ricin toxin (RT). When inhaled, RT causes near complete destruction of the lung epithelium coincident with a proinflammatory response that includes TNF family cytokines, which are death- inducing ligands. We previously demonstrated that the combination of RT and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces caspase-dependent apoptosis, while RT and TNF-α or RT and Fas ligand (FasL) induces cathepsin-dependent cell death in lung epithelial cells. We hypothesize that airway macrophages constitute a major source of cytokines that drive lung epithelial cell death. Methods: Here, we show that RT-induced apoptosis of the monocytic cell line, U937, leads to the bystander killing of the lung epithelial cell line, A549. U937 cells were treated with ricin. Following this, A549 cells were treated with supernatants from U937 cells and death was measured by WST-1 viability assay Results: Upon RT-induced U937 cell death, released RT and FasL contributed to A549 cell death. U937 cells also released nuclear protein HMGB1. The release of RT, FasL, and HMGB1 triggered A549 cell necroptosis, rather than cathepsin-dependent killing observed previously with RT and FasL. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced in A549 cells due to HMGB1 ligation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potential for bystander necroptosis of lung epithelial cells during RT toxicosis which may perpetuate or increase the proinflammatory response.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necroptosis of Lung Epithelial Cells Triggered by Ricin Toxin and Bystander Inflammation

Kempen

Deragon

Hamersky

et al. 2022

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Characterizing and applying immunoglobulins in snakebite diagnostics: A simple and rapid venom detection assay for four medically important snake species in Southeast Asia

Lee

Tan

Khomvilai

et al. 2023

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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Antimicrobial Resistance Characterization of staphylococcus aureus from Different Animal Food Origins in Jimma, South Western Ethiopia

Taddese,

Abdurahaman,

Debelo

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Staphylococcal infection is one of the most prevalent foodborne diseases worldwide. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant problem for food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize Staphylococcus aureus and assess its antimicrobial resistance from various animal food sources. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Jimma zone district towns from 2022 to 2023. Samples of animal-origin foods, including milk, beef meat, poultry eggs, and cheese, were collected. These samples were processed, cultured on selective media, and identified using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial testing was performed on the isolated strains. Results Out of a total of 480 samples of animal-origin food analyzed, the overall prevalence rate (8.54%) of Staphylococcus aureus was recorded. Among these Staphylococcus aureus, 12 (12.5%) were obtained from beef meat, 12 (12.5%) from milk, 6 (6.3%) from cheese, 9 (9.4%) from eggshells and 2 (2.1%) from egg content. The mean prevalence rates of Staphylococcus aureus in each sample were found to be statistically different, except for beef meat and milk samples. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, 39.0% of the isolates exhibited resistance to Kanamycin, followed by Tetracycline observed in 36.6% of the isolates. The lowest occurrence of antibiotic resistance was observed against Cefoxitin (7.3%). Additionally, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim, and Ceftaroline collectively displayed resistance in 14.6% of the isolates. No resistance was observed against Imipenem. Out of the 41 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 10 (24.4%) showed multidrug resistance. Notably, milk samples had the highest number of multidrug-resistant isolates. Conclusion The study highlights the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in various animal-origin food samples and reveals concerning levels of antimicrobial resistance among the isolates. These findings emphasize the importance of food safety measures, responsible antibiotic use, and continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in animal food sources to protect public health.

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Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism

Cited by 7 publications

References 569 publications

Necroptosis of Lung Epithelial Cells Triggered by Ricin Toxin and Bystander Inflammation

Necroptosis of Lung Epithelial Cells Triggered by Ricin Toxin and Bystander Inflammation

Characterizing and applying immunoglobulins in snakebite diagnostics: A simple and rapid venom detection assay for four medically important snake species in Southeast Asia

Antimicrobial Resistance Characterization of staphylococcus aureus from Different Animal Food Origins in Jimma, South Western Ethiopia

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