Biological Studies on Nicarbazin, a New Anticoccidial Agent

Ott, Walther H.; Kuna, Samuel T.; Porter, Curt C.; Cuckler, A. C.; Fogg, Deryn E.

doi:10.3382/ps.0351355

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Nicarbazin fed to chickens at 600 mg kg -1 feed for 12 weeks produced no symptoms of toxicity or abnormal behaviour and did not increase mortality but decreased the body weight gain and lowered feed efficiency. Significantly increased mortality occurred at doses of 1 500 and 2 000 mg nicarbazin kg -1 feed (30 % and 70 %, respectively) (Ott et al, 1956). Other toxic effects include anaemia at 800 mg kg -1 feed and tissue changes as fatty changes and hemosiderin deposits in the liver (Mushett et al, 1958).…”

Section: Repeated Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the efficacy and safety of the coccidiostat Koffogran

2004

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYKoffogran is a feed additive intended for control of coccidiosis, a debilitating protozoal infection in poultry. In common with a number of other coccidiostats, Koffogran is due for evaluation to comply with statutory requirements agreed at an EU-level. The European Commission asked the EFSA to evaluate the product and advise the Commission on its efficacy and safety. Within EFSA this task was allocated to the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel). The data provided in the dossier proved insufficient to give conclusive answers to the several questions raised by the European Commission.Koffogran contains 25 % nicarbazin as the active substance. Nicarbazin is a complex of the components 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) and 2-hydroxy-4,6 dimethylpyrimidine (HDP). It is effective as anticoccidial in chickens for fattening up to a maximum age of four weeks at a level of 100 to 125 mg nicarbazin kg -1 complete feed. However, a full assessment of the present day efficacy was not possible as an insufficient number of up-to-date trials had been carried out.Tolerance tests showed that Koffogran is safe for the chickens with a small, but acceptable margin of safety. Incompatibilities or interactions with feedingstuffs, carriers, other approved additives or medicinal drugs are not to be expected based on the known history of the additive.At feed level concentration nicarbazin had no activity against a range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Nicarbazin had no effect on the colonisation or excretion of Salmonella enteritidis. Therefore, nicarbazin can be considered to be safe as far as microbiological risk is concerned.Nicarbazin is absorbed to a large extent by chickens. The metabolic fate of nicarbazin shows that the DNC and HDP components of the complex are split and behave independently, the DNC moiety being mainly excreted in the faeces while the HDP mainly appears in the urine. The DNC metabolic fate has been established and the main metabolites identified in the excreta and tissues. DNC can be considered as the marker residue, but non identified metabolites represent more than 50 % of the total residues in the kidney and liver beyond a 3-day withdrawal period. Even if the metabolic fate of the HDP moiety of nicarbazin has not been investigated in depth, it appears that HDP is metabolised to a very limited extent and that the consumer is mainly exposed to HDP and not to its potential metabolites. The liver is the target tissue. Although the kinetics of HDP residues (or eventually the whole HDPderived compounds) are not available. Opinion on the additive Koffogran 2/40The submitted toxicological studies did not indicate a significant potential for target tissue toxicity, such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, impaired fertility in mammals or endocrinemediated effects. The compound is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk. However, the toxicological dossier is far from satisfactory according to the present scientific standards. For developmental toxicity, e...

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Section: Repeated Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the efficacy and safety of the coccidiostat Koffogran

2004

EFSA Journal

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“…T HE feeding of nicarbazin to laying hens has been reported to have such diverse effects as depression of egg production (Baker et al, 1956;Sherwood et al, 1956a;Ott et al, 1956a), depression of egg size (Baker et al, 1956;Sherwood et al, 1956b), causing a change in shell color from brown to chalk white in those breeds normally producing brown shelled eggs (Mc-Clary, 1955;Sherwood et al, 1956a;Sherwood et al, 1956b;Ott et al, 1956a;Ott et al, 1956b), causing mottling of the yolk (Baker et al, 1956) and reduction of hatchability (Ott et al, 1956a;Ott et al, 1956b;Sherwood et al, 1956b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The Effect of Nicarbazin on Spermatogenesis and Semen Quality

1957

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“…Nicarbazin has activity against E. gallopavonis and E. meleagrimitis but is 8 to 16 times less potent than sulfaquinoxaline (Ott et al, 1956). The growth promoter 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (roxarsone), and other arsenicals, also have some efficacy (Morehouse, 1949b;Mathis, 1997).…”

Section: Chemotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other synthetic drugs shown to have anticoccidial activity in turkeys include arprinocid (McDougald & Johnson, 1979), buquinolate (Edgar & Flanagan, 1968), clopidol (Joyner & Norton, 1970), decoquinate (Joyner & Norton, 1970), diclazuril (Vanparijs et al, 1989a,b), ethopabate (Joyner & Norton, 1973), halofuginone (Ross, 1974), nicarbazin (Ott et al, 1956), robenidine (Joyner & Norton, 1972), toltrazuril (Greuel et al, 1991), and zoalene (Hymas & Stevenson, 1962). Nicarbazin has activity against E. gallopavonis and E. meleagrimitis but is 8 to 16 times less potent than sulfaquinoxaline (Ott et al, 1956).…”

Section: Chemotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coccidiosis in the turkey

2008

Avian Pathology

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Biological Studies on Nicarbazin, a New Anticoccidial Agent

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the efficacy and safety of the coccidiostat Koffogran

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the efficacy and safety of the coccidiostat Koffogran

The Effect of Nicarbazin on Spermatogenesis and Semen Quality

Coccidiosis in the turkey

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