Biological significance of complex N-glycans in plants and their impact on plant physiology

Strasser, Richard

doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00363

Cited by 91 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, Q361 is positioned at the end of an ␣ helix on the protein surface and located next to the amino acid sequence N362-G363-C364. This pattern follows the typical N-glycosylation sequence N-X-S/T/C of L-asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation, where X can be any amino acid except L-proline (45,46). Analysis of the PstrSTS2 amino acid sequence with the web server GlycoEP also identified N362 to be a potential site for N-glycosylation in this particular STS (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Synthesis of the Plant Polyphenol Pinosylvin

Summeren-Wesenhagen

Marienhagen

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Plant polyphenols are of great interest for drug discovery and drug development since many of these compounds have healthpromoting activities as treatments against various diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, or heart diseases. However, the limited availability of polyphenols represents a major obstacle to clinical applications that must be overcome. In comparison to the quantities of these compounds obtained by isolation from natural sources or costly chemical synthesis, the microbial production of these compounds could provide sufficient quantities from inexpensive substrates. In this work, we describe the development of an Escherichia coli platform strain for the production of pinosylvin, a stilbene found in the heartwood of pine trees which could aid in the treatment of various cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Initially, several configurations of the three-step biosynthetic pathway to pinosylvin were constructed from a set of two different enzymes for each enzymatic step. After optimization of gene expression and evaluation of different construct environments, low pinosylvin concentrations up to 3 mg/liter could be detected. Analysis of the precursor supply and a comparative analysis of the intracellular pools of pathway intermediates and product identified the limited malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) availability and low stilbene synthase activity in the heterologous host to be the main bottlenecks during pinosylvin production. Addition of cerulenin for increasing intracellular malonylCoA pools and the in vivo evolution of the stilbene synthase from Pinus strobus for improved activity in E. coli proved to be the keys to elevated product titers. These measures allowed product titers of 70 mg/liter pinosylvin from glucose, which could be further increased to 91 mg/liter by the addition of L-phenylalanine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Synthesis of the Plant Polyphenol Pinosylvin

Summeren-Wesenhagen

Marienhagen

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In particular, the initial (cotranslational) glycosylation steps in the ER play an important role in protein folding and quality control, including recognition by the ER-associated degradation pathway. The biology, significance, and detection of N-glycoproteins (the glycoproteome) in plants were recently extensively described and referenced (Song et al, , 2013Strasser, 2014). Since the vast majority of secretory proteins are glycosylated, many aspects of plant growth, development, metabolism, and (a)biotic responses are affected by N-glycosylation, including direct effects on enzyme functions.…”

Section: N-linked and O-linked Glycosylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update: Post-translational protein modifications in plant metabolism

2015

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ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9536-0487 (K.J.v.W.).Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, and enzyme kinetics. Following a brief discussion of the experimental and bioinformatics challenges of PTM identification, localization, and quantification (occupancy), a concise overview is provided of the major PTMs and their (potential) functional consequences in plants, with emphasis on plant metabolism. Classic examples that illustrate the regulation of plant metabolic enzymes and pathways by PTMs and their cross talk are summarized. Recent large-scale proteomics studies mapped many PTMs to a wide range of metabolic functions. Unraveling of the PTM code, i.e. a predictive understanding of the (combinatorial) consequences of PTMs, is needed to convert this growing wealth of data into an understanding of plant metabolic regulation.The primary amino acid sequence of proteins is defined by the translated mRNA, often followed by Nor C-terminal cleavages for preprocessing, maturation, and/or activation. Proteins can undergo further reversible or irreversible posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of specific amino acid residues. Proteins are directly responsible for the production of plant metabolites because they act as enzymes or as regulators of enzymes. Ultimately, most proteins in a plant cell can affect plant metabolism (e.g. through effects on plant gene expression, cell fate and development, structural support, transport, etc.). Many metabolic enzymes and their regulators undergo a variety of PTMs, possibly resulting in changes in oligomeric state, stabilization/degradation, and (de)activation (Huber and Hardin, 2004), and PTMs can facilitate the optimization of metabolic flux. However, the direct in vivo consequence of a PTM on a metabolic enzyme or pathway is frequently not very clear, in part because it requires measurements of input and output of the reactions, including flux through the enzyme or pathway. This Update will start out with a short overview on the major PTMs observed for each amino acid residue (Table I), followed by a brief discussion of techniques for the characterization of protein PTMs, including determination of the localization within proteins (i.e. the specific residues) and occupancy. Challenges in dealing with multiple PTMs per protein and cross talk between PTMs will be briefly outlined. We then describe the major physiological PTMs observed in plants as well as PTMs that are nonenzymatically induced during sample preparation (Table II). Finally, this Update is completed with a number of well-studied, classical examples of the regulation of plant metabolism by PTMs, in particular for enzymes in primary metabolism (Calvin cycle, glycolysis, and respiration) and the C4 shuttle accommodating photosynthesis in C4 plants (Table III). As will be ev...

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“…For instance, algae such as Codium fragile, Chondrus ocellatus, Sargassum piluliferum or Zostera marina contain only HMNGs, being devoid of CNGs (Yoshiie et al, 2012). Contrary to mammals, for which CNG defects are almost associated with diseases (congenital disorders of glycosylation), N-glycan processing in plant Golgi may be dispensable, although it is associated with disease under certain stress conditions (Strasser, 2014). In plants, free forms of N-glycans have also been detected at micromolar concentrations, during all stages of development (Maeda & Kimura, 2014).…”

Section: (B) Plant Mannosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria

et al. 2016

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Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms, these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation and signalling, mediation of protein-protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides in the environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complex strategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details their structure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regarding the catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them.

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Biological significance of complex N-glycans in plants and their impact on plant physiology

Cited by 91 publications

References 75 publications

Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Synthesis of the Plant Polyphenol Pinosylvin

Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Synthesis of the Plant Polyphenol Pinosylvin

Update: Post-translational protein modifications in plant metabolism

Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria

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