Biological Selenium Volatilization: Method of Measurement under Field Conditions

Lin, Zhi-Qing; Hansen, D. J.; Zayed, Adel; Terry, Norman

doi:10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800010038x

Cited by 21 publications

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“…The amount of Se volatilized by different crops in Se‐contaminated fields at the second experimental site was measured by following the technique of Lin et al. (1999).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amount of Se volatilized by different crops in Se-contaminated fields at the second experimental site was measured by following the technique of Lin et al (1999). Volatile Se was collected using Plexiglass collection chambers of 0.70 m length, 0.70 m width and 1.20 m height with inlet and outlet openings at the top.…”

Section: In Situ Se Volatilization From Standing Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems

Dhillon

2009

Soil Use and Management

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Field experiments were conducted at two locations in the seleniferous region of northwestern India from 2001 to 2006 to evaluate the efficiency of four cropping systems in removing Se from contaminated soil containing 2843–4345 μg Se per kg in the surface layer (0–15 cm). Rapeseed (Brassica napus) followed by arhar (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) or cotton (Gossypium arboretum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by rice (Oryza sativa) were the four cropping systems. The total biomass generated by Brassica‐based systems ranged from 16 to 21 t/ha when harvested at maturity. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice sequence were 22–26 t/ha. Among the different crops at both the experimental sites, the highest Se content was recorded in leaves (157–209 mg/kg), grains (64–201 mg/kg) and stems (42–93 mg/kg) of Brassica and the lowest in the shoots (10–27 mg/kg), grains (5–13 mg/kg) and straw (13–20 mg/kg) of the rice crop. Except for S and P, concentrations of other nutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) were not significantly affected by variations in the Se content of plants. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between Se and S (r = 0.838, P ≤ 0.001), Se and P (r = 0.817, P ≤ 0.001) at the peak flowering stage (n = 16), and r = 0.743, P ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.498, P ≤ 0.05, respectively, at the maturity stage (n = 16). Total Se removal through harvested biomass of rapeseed‐based cropping sequences varied from 716 to 1374 g/ha/yr at peak flowering and 736–949 g/ha/yr at the maturity stage. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice system were 435–492 and 370–517 g/ha/yr, respectively. The amount of Se recycled through leaf senescence ranged from 255 to 500 g/ha/yr for Brassica‐based cropping systems. In the wheat–rice system, Se addition through irrigation varied from 170 to 243 g/ha/yr and was three to four times more than that added in Brassica‐based systems. On completion of the phytoremediation experiments at site I, Se removal through harvested biomass at maturity was 1.7–5.1% of total Se in the soil down to a depth of 120 cm and 4.8–13.2% at site II. Analysis showed that Se losses under different crop rotations were 18.5–24.5% at site I and 21–33% at site II of total soil Se. Thus, at both sites 16–20% of total Se lost from the soil was unexplained. Results show that Brassica‐based cropping systems lead to significant reductions in Se capital of contaminated soil over 2–3 years. Although a long‐term commitment is required, adoption of Brassica‐based systems as a regular agricultural practice must lead to sustainable management of seleniferous soils.

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“…The amount of Se volatilized by different crops in Se‐contaminated fields at the second experimental site was measured by following the technique of Lin et al. (1999).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Situ Se Volatilization From Standing Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems

Dhillon

2009

Soil Use and Management

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“…Volatile Se was collected with an open‐flow sampling chamber system (Lin et al, 1999). The dimensions of the Plexiglas collection chamber were 0.71 m long, 0.71 m wide and 0.76 m high; the chamber provided an internal volume of 0.38 m 3 and enclosed a bottom area of 0.5 m 2 The sampling chamber was fitted to the top of each microcosm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium‐Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms

et al. 2002

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Previous field studies suggested that the macroalga, muskgrass (Chara canescens Desv. & Lois), plays an important role in the removal of selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water. This study evaluated the efficiency of Se removal from drainage water by muskgrass-vegetated wetland microcosms, and determined the extent to which muskgrass removed Se through phytoextraction and biovolatilization. Six flow-through wetland microcosms were continuously supplied with drainage water containing an average Se concentration of 22 microg L(-1) over a 24-d experimental period. The Se mass input and outflow and the rate of Se volatilization were monitored daily for each microcosm. Three microcosms containing muskgrass reduced the daily mass Se input in the inflow drainage water by 72.1%; this compared with a reduction of 50.6% of the mass Se input for three unvegetated control microcosms. Selenium accumulated in muskgrass tissues accounted for 1.9% of the total mass Se input in the microcosm, followed by 0.5% via biological volatilization. The low rates of Se volatilization from selenate-supplied muskgrass, which were 10-fold less than from selenite, were probably due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of Se in muskgrass. This conclusion was derived from X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis, which showed that muskgrass treated with selenite contained 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in muskgrass treated with selenate.

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“…Although some of the assumptions associated with these methods may not be entirely valid under real‐world situations, chambers have been used extensively for measuring emissions of a variety of gases due to their simplicity and ease in fabrication and operation. The variety of gases measured includes trace gases, such as CO 2 , N 2 O, NO x , CH 4 , and selenium (Se) (de Mello and Hines, 1994; Fukui and Doskey, 1996; Hutchinson and Mosier, 1981; Jury et al, 1982; Kanemasu et al, 1974; Valente et al, 1995; Lin et al, 1999; Dungan et al, 2000) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as volatile pesticides (Gao et al, 1997; Gao and Yates, 1998a; Sanders et al, 1985; Yates et al, 1997; Yagi et al, 1993; Wang et al, 1997; Woodrow and Seiber, 1991), spilled volatile solvents, and volatile constituents from waste disposal sites (Balfour et al, 1987; Eklund, 1992). Experience gained from numerous applications of both types of flux chambers has shown that both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages.…”

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confidence: 99%

Design and Performance of a Dynamic Gas Flux Chamber

Reichman

Rolston

2002

J of Env Quality

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Chambers are commonly used to measure the emission of many trace gases and chemicals from soil. An aerodynamic (flow through) chamber was designed and fabricated to accurately measure the surface flux of trace gases. Flow through the chamber was controlled with a small vacuum at the outlet. Due to the design using fans, a partition plate, and aerodynamic ends, air is forced to sweep parallel and uniform over the entire soil surface. A fraction of the air flowing inside the chamber is sampled in the outlet. The air velocity inside the chamber is controlled by fan speed and outlet suction flow rate. The chamber design resulted in a uniform distribution of air velocity at the soil surface. Steady state flux was attained within 5 min when the outlet air suction rate was 20 L/min or higher. For expected flux rates, the presence of the chamber did not affect the measured fluxes at outlet suction rates of around 20 L/min, except that the chamber caused some cooling of the surface in field experiments. Sensitive measurements of the pressure deficit across the soil layer in conjunction with measured fluxes in the source box and chamber outlet show that the outflow rate must be controlled carefully to minimize errors in the flux measurements. Both over- and underestimation of the fluxes are possible if the outlet flow rate is not controlled carefully. For this design, the chamber accurately measured steady flux at outlet air suction rates of approximately 20 L/min when the pressure deficit within the chamber with respect to the ambient atmosphere ranged between 0.46 and 0.79 Pa.

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Biological Selenium Volatilization: Method of Measurement under Field Conditions

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems

Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems

Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium‐Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms

Design and Performance of a Dynamic Gas Flux Chamber

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