Biological Response of Osteoblastic and Chondrogenic Cells to Graphene-Containing PCL/Bioactive Glass Bilayered Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Graphene-containing 13-93 bioactive glass and poly(ε-caprolactone)-based bilayer, electrically conductive scaffolds were prepared for osteochondral tissue repair. Biological response of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and chondrogenic ATDC5 cells to the composite scaffolds was assessed under mono-culture and co-culture conditions. Cytotoxicity was investigated using MTT assay, cartilage matrix production was evaluated by Alcian blue staining, and mineralization of both types of cells in the different culture systems was observed by Alizarin red S staining. Results showed that osteoblastic and chondrogenic cells utilized in the study did not show toxic response to the prepared scaffolds under mono-culture conditions and higher cell viability rates were obtained in co-culture conditions. Larger mineralized areas were determined under co-culture conditions and calcium deposition amount significantly increased compared with that in control group samples after 21 days. Additionally, the amount of glycosaminoglycans synthesized in co-culture was higher compared to mono-culture conditions. Electric stimulation applied under mono-culture conditions suppressed the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells whereas it enhanced the viability rates of ATDC5 cells. The study suggests that the designed bilayered osteochondral constructs have the potential for osteochondral defect repair.

In Vitro Mechanical and Biological Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Composite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

“…The biological response of stem cells on materials is affected by many factors, such as material composition, macropore size, micro surface morphology, and so on [ 29 , 30 ]. For dentists, hDPSCs is present as mesenchymal stem cells in dental pulp tissue, which are easier to obtain than other cells, and have excellent osteogenic differentiation properties [ 21 ].…”

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Review

“…The biological response of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and chondrogenic ATDC5 cells to the scaffold was measured. The results showed that, under the condition of cocultivation, not only the cell survival rate was increased, but also the extracellular calcium deposition of the graphene-added scaffold was significantly enhanced compared with the control group, showing a greater and denser degree of mineralization . In addition, the cells cultured on the graphene-added scaffold produced more sulfated GAG, indicating that more cartilage matrix is generated .…”

“…199 Deliormanlı and Atmaca created graphene-containing bilayer scaffolds made by PCL and 13-93 bioactive glass, which have a porous structure. The upper layer is 10 wt % of a graphenecontaining PCL structure for the regeneration of articular cartilage, 200 while the lower layer is 13-93 bioactive glass, which is coated with PCL containing 5 wt % of graphene nanoparticles and acts on the subchondral bone. 200 The biological response of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and chondrogenic ATDC5 cells to the scaffold was measured.…”

Mg-BGNs/DCECM Composite Scaffold for Cartilage Regeneration: A Preliminary In Vitro Study

“…Traditionally, owing to their excellent osteogenic properties, bioactive glasses (BGs) have been widely used for bone tissue regeneration. Recently, it has been found that certain therapeutic ion-containing BGs are beneficial for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and might be able to further promote cartilage repair [28,29]. As cartilage lesions in OA often involve subchondral bone injury, BGs, having the aforementioned medical capabilities, might be a promising biomaterial for osteochondral regeneration.…”