Biological properties the novel application of N-trimethyl chitosan nanospheres as a stabilizer and preservative in tetanus vaccine

Abstract

Purpose Chitosan is a natural polymer that has excellent properties include biocompatibility, biodegradability, no cytotoxicity, high charge density, low cost, mucoadhesive, permeation enhancing (ability to cross tight junction), and immunomodulating ability that makes the spectrum of its applicability much broader. This study was conducted to investigate the stabilizing, preservative and immunogenicity properties of N-trimethyl chitosan nanospheres (N-TMCNS). Materials and Methods The tetanus toxoid (TT) was encapsulated into N-TMCNS and then characterized by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and dynamic light scattering. For stabilizer assay of N-TMCNS after storage of TT-N-TMCNS at different temperatures for 3 weeks, they were used for immunization of mice and different temperatures groups' anti-TT-N-TMCNS production compared with other groups. Finally, the immunized mice were challenged with tetanus toxin. The preservation activity of TT-N-TMCNS against Escherichia coli was compared with thimerosal formulated TT. Results Our results revealed that heat-treated TT-N-TMCNS could induce higher titer of neutralizing immunoglobulin G in compared to TT vaccine and was able to protect the mice better than TT vaccine in challenge test. Furthermore, N-TMCNS as a preservative inhibited the growth of E. coli more effective than thimerosal. Conclusion Overall, the obtained results indicated that the N-TMCNS is one of the best stabilizer and preservative agent that can be used in the formulation of TT vaccine.

Biopolymers and Osmolytes — A Focus towards the Prospects of Stability and Adjuvanticity of Vaccines

“…Recently, TMC prepared by ionic gelation technique was capable of effectively stabilizing tetanus vaccine at 4 ℃ and 37 ℃ and is reported to be a good preservative and antibacterial excipient in replacing thimerosal. 38 Further, TMC coated inactivated polio vaccine prepared as pH-sensitive microneedle gave a promising antigen dose with significant antibody response, showing its suitability for dermal vaccination. 39 Studies on many new-gen vaccine administration routes (including nasal and intradermal vaccines) in combination with different forms of CS [40][41][42][43][44] have effec-tively highlighted its ability to act as a promising stabilizer as well as an adjuvant.…”

Recent Progress of Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Development of Superior Delivery of Vaccines

“…Generally, this property is familiar as a paste property of trimethyl chitosan [9]. Therefore, trimethyl chitosan has been commonly employed in the intranasal delivery of several antigens such as hepatitis B virus surface antigen and/or tetanus toxin antigen [10,11]. Nasal vaccines could manage to overcome the limitation associated with the antigen countersignature, which may be a notable entrance point for several infectious vaccine agents.…”