Biological Processes in Drinking Water Treatment

Bouwer, Edward J.; Crowe, Patricia B.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03103.x

Cited by 174 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…However, the presence of ammonia in drinking water is undesirable because nitrification might lead to toxic levels of nitrite (29) or adverse effects on water taste and odor (4) and might increase heterotrophic bacteria, including opportunistic pathogens (29). Two-thirds of the drinking water in The Netherlands is produced from groundwater.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Groundwater Treatment and Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Wielen

Voost

Kooij

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

134

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The ammonia-oxidizing prokaryote (AOP) community in three groundwater treatment plants and connected distribution systems was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and sequence analysis targeting the amoA gene of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Results demonstrated that AOB and AOA numbers increased during biological filtration of ammonia-rich anoxic groundwater, and AOP were responsible for ammonium removal during treatment. In one of the treatment trains at plant C, ammonia removal correlated significantly with AOA numbers but not with AOB numbers. Thus, AOA were responsible for ammonia removal in water treatment at one of the studied plants. Furthermore, an observed negative correlation between the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the water and AOA numbers suggests that high DOC levels might reduce growth of AOA. AOP entered the distribution system in numbers ranging from 1.5 ؋ 10 3 to 6.5 ؋ 10 4 AOPs ml ؊1 . These numbers did not change during transport in the distribution system despite the absence of a disinfectant residual. Thus, inactive AOP biomass does not seem to be degraded by heterotrophic microorganisms in the distribution system. We conclude from our results that AOA can be commonly present in distribution systems and groundwater treatment, where they can be responsible for the removal of ammonia.Ammonia can be present in source water used for drinking water production or added to treated water with chlorine to form chloramines as a disinfectant. However, the presence of ammonia in drinking water is undesirable because nitrification might lead to toxic levels of nitrite (29) or adverse effects on water taste and odor (4) and might increase heterotrophic bacteria, including opportunistic pathogens (29). Two-thirds of the drinking water in The Netherlands is produced from groundwater. Most of the groundwater used for drinking water production is anoxic with relatively high concentrations of methane, iron, manganese, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ammonia. Treatment of anoxic groundwater aims at achieving biologically stable water, because drinking water in The Netherlands is distributed without a disinfectant residual. As a result, a highly efficient nitrification process during rapid medium filtration is required.Nitrification is the microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and consists of two processes: the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes (AOP) and the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Recently it was shown that in addition to bacteria, archaea also are capable of ammonia oxidation (13). Since then, ammoniaoxidizing archaea (AOA) have been found in many different ecosystems, including wastewater treatment systems (10,20,24). However, it is currently unknown if AOA are present in drinking water treatment processes and distribution systems. Recent studies have focused on nitrification in drinking water treatment (16,28). In those studies, AOB and NOB were enumerated by traditional most-proba...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Groundwater Treatment and Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Wielen

Voost

Kooij

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

134

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“…A previous review of biological processes in drinking water treatment summarized that a wide range of contaminants can be removed through biological oxidation and reduction of dissolved constituents including natural organic matter (NOM), ammonia, nitrate, perchlorate, and iron and manganese, where operating parameters were discussed (Bouwer and Crowe 1988). Additionally, BAFs were reported to remove trace organic compounds, halogenated organics, perchlorate, and arsenic.…”

Section: Applications and Design Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the concentrations of Geosmin and MIB encountered in drinking water systems are usually much less than that of TOC, a secondary utilization pathway was proposed as opposed to primary substrate utilization (Bouwer and Crowe 1988). Primary substrates support steady state biofilms which in turn metabolize secondary substrates such as Geosmin and MIB.…”

Section: Removal Of Mib and Geosminmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional Media Filtration with Biological Activities

Zhu¹,

Bates²

2013

Water Treatment

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“…When raw water such as river water flows through the BCF column, ammonia and dissolved organic matter (DOM), including those that produce foul smell, are oxidized and removed by the microorganisms attached to the filter media [3]. Additionally, iron and manganese are also oxidized to insoluble metal oxides and removed by autotrophic bacteria [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Biological Contact Filters (BCFs) on Membrane Fouling in Drinking Water Treatment Systems

Hasegawa

Iwamoto

Miyoshi

et al. 2017

Water

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Membrane fouling is a serious problem in drinking water treatment systems. Biological contact filters (BCFs) are often used as a pretreatment to remove ammonia, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and metal ions such as iron and manganese. In this study, the effect of BCF as a pretreatment for membrane fouling was evaluated using a laboratory-scale mini module consisting of a mini BCF column and a mini MF column. Initially, it was confirmed that the main foulant was a biopolymer (at low concentration) in the raw water. Subsequently, the biopolymer concentrations in the BCF influent and effluent were measured with the excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and the liquid chromatograph organic carbon detector (LC-OCD). The fouling potential of the BCF influent and effluent was also measured to evaluate MF membrane fouling rate. The results demonstrate that application of the BCF reduced the biopolymer concentration of the effluent and reduced membrane fouling. The effect of BCF was also established in an actual drinking water treatment plant. It was found that optimizing the contact time of raw water with the BCF was crucial to reduce membrane fouling.

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Biological Processes in Drinking Water Treatment

Cited by 174 publications

References 55 publications

Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Groundwater Treatment and Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Groundwater Treatment and Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Conventional Media Filtration with Biological Activities

Effect of Biological Contact Filters (BCFs) on Membrane Fouling in Drinking Water Treatment Systems

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