Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) transmission

Lehman, Dara A.; Farquhar, Carey

doi:10.1002/rmv.543

Cited by 86 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 187 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Infants who are born to HIV-positive mothers are referred to as being HIV-exposed. It is estimated that more than 30% of HIV-exposed infants are HIV-positive when there has been no intervention (Sharland and Bryant, 2009;Dabis, et al, 1993;Boylan and Stein, 1991 (UNAIDS, 2010;Lehman and Farquhar, 2007).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MTCT can occur during pregnancy, intrapartum or during breastfeeding (Lehman and Farquhar, 2007;Kourtis, et al, 2001;Kuhn and Stein, 1995). Maternal viral load (presence of HIV-RNA in plasma) is a strong independent determinant of the risk of vertical transmission (John and Kreiss, 1996).…”

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Of Hiv (Mtct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third trimester is associated with the highest transmission of HIV in utero primarily occurring when HIV crosses the placenta (Lehman and Farquhar, 2007). However, studies have been done which have found HIV in cells found in electively aborted foetuses in the first trimester of pregnancy (Lewis, et al, 1990).…”

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Of Hiv (Mtct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intrapartum transmission can occur because the infant is exposed to infected maternal blood during delivery (Lehman and Farquhar, 2007). Factors that will influence transmission during delivery are: birth complications; invasive procedures; and poor mucosal integrity of the delivery route (Lehman and Farqhar, 2007).…”

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Of Hiv (Mtct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Developmental delay in HIV-exposed infants in Harare, Zimbabwe

Hutchings¹,

Potterton

2013

Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the difference in development (cognition; receptive and expressive language; and fine and gross motor) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -exposed infected (HEI) infants with the development of HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). Sixty infants were enrolled in the study; 32 (53.33%) HEU infants and 28 (46.67%) HEI infants. The two groups were well-matched for infant demographics, anthropometry at birth, maternal demographics, as well as socioeconomic status. Statistically significant differences were found in anthropometry and development between the HEI and HEU group. The HEI infants had malnutrition, were stunted and had smaller head circumferences than HEU infants. The BSID-III showed that the mean developmental delay for the HEI group was approximately two months below their mean chronological age for all scales (cognitive; receptive and expressive communication; and, fine and gross motor age).The HEI group showed that 64.29% had cognitive delay, 60.71% had language delay and 53.57% had motor delay, all of which was significantly different from the development of the HEU group for all domains (p<0.001). In addition to using the BSID-III, the majority of mothers were able to correctly indicate whether their child was developing at the same, or at a slower rate of development than children of the same age. This study demonstrates that infants who are HIV-exposed and infected are at risk of developmental delay.

show abstract

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Of Hiv (Mtct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Of Hiv (Mtct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Of Hiv (Mtct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Developmental delay in HIV-exposed infants in Harare, Zimbabwe

Hutchings¹,

Potterton

2013

Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The view that early viruses use CCR5 and late viruses use CXCR4 depends up on the type of the clade [23]and may not hold true for clade A, C or D. Clade A viruses tend to favor CCR5 even at later stages, while clade C strains rarely become CXCR4/SI even in the stage of the disease [24]. The reason for this was attributed to persistent immune activation experienced by many Africans [18], as persistent immune activation constantly trigger CCR5 over-expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Subtypes, Coreceptor Usage and Phylogenetic Relationships of Hiv-1 Isolates in Discordant Positive and Concordant Couples

Hambissa¹,

Mengistu²,

Howe³

et al. 2017

J Clin Cell Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ethiopian HIV viruses were mainly HIV type C in all discordant positives and HIV/AIDS subjects. But other subtypes such as subtype A, B and recombinant A/G subtypes were also observed. Co-receptor utilization of discordant positive isolated viruses was both CCR5 and CXCR4 in equal proportion. The majority of HIV/AIDS patients used CXCR4, although about one third used CCR5 and a few also used dual co receptors. Our study showed that the majority of subtype C viruses were CXCR4/SI high/rapid subtype. And about one third was CCR5/NSI subtypes. The phylogenetic or evolutionary relationship showed that the majority of the viruses isolated from discordant positives showed sub clustering in one region and those isolated from concordant couples in another region, showing that discordant positive isolated viruses were evolving independently and were related with each other but this was not seen in viruses of concordant couples and HIV/AIDS subjects.

show abstract

Revisiting a role for a mammary tumor retrovirus in human breast cancer

Salmons¹,

Günzburg

2013

Intl Journal of Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There remains great controversy as to whether mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), the etiological agent of mammary cancer in mice, or a closely related human retrovirus, plays a role in the development of breast cancer in humans. On one hand, retroviruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are known causative agents of cancer (in the case of HIV, albeit, indirectly), but attempts to associate other retroviruses with human cancers have been difficult. A recent, high profile, example has been the postulated involvement of another mouse virus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus, in human prostate cancer, which is now thought to be due to contamination. Here, we review some of the more recent evidence for and against the involvement of MMTV in human breast cancer and suggest future studies that may allow a definitive answer to this conundrum.Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is the etiological agent of mammary cancer in mice, 1,2 and it has long been postulated that this or a similar, MMTV-related, retrovirus is involved in breast cancer in humans. However, this remains controversial. [3][4][5][6] Indeed, this controversy was one of the reasons for a meeting held in Pisa, Italy organized by Generoso Bevilacqua and his colleagues entitled "viruses and breast cancer" last year. Although retroviruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are known to be directly or indirectly involved in the causation of cancer, the association of other retroviruses with human cancers has been fraught with difficulties, the most notable and recent of which has been the evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) being associated with prostate cancer, where now the evidence seems to be explainable by the use of contaminated cell's DNA and even contaminated commercially available reagents. 7 The resurgence of interest in a potential role of MMTV in human breast cancer over the last 15 years has been driven by consistent reports that sequences highly homologous to MMTV can be found in up to 40% of human breast cancers, and this data have recently been summarized 8 with some groups even referring to the virus from human tumorderived cells and tissue as HMTV rather than MMTV. Moreover, virus protein expression has been reportedly detected in ten primary cultures of human breast cancer containing MMTV sequences, 9 a putative virus has been isolated and the virus cDNA partially sequenced. 10 MMTV has been shown to be able to infect human cells, 11 where it can randomly integrate its genomic information into the genome of the infected cell, a characteristic step in the retrovirus life cycle, 12 as well as produce infectious progeny capable of spreading. 13 These bona fide integrated proviruses can be detected and isolated from 298 unique integration sites isolated from infected human cells and the integrated proviruses are flanked by a duplicated, five base pair sequence, which is characteristic of MMTV. Moreover, the fla...

show abstract

Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) transmission

Cited by 86 publications

References 187 publications

Developmental delay in HIV-exposed infants in Harare, Zimbabwe

Developmental delay in HIV-exposed infants in Harare, Zimbabwe

Viral Subtypes, Coreceptor Usage and Phylogenetic Relationships of Hiv-1 Isolates in Discordant Positive and Concordant Couples

Revisiting a role for a mammary tumor retrovirus in human breast cancer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About