Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research and practice

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a common mediator in pathogenicity of established cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, it likely mediates effects of emerging, less well-defined variables that contribute to residual risk not explained by traditional factors. Functional oxidative modifications of cellular proteins, both reversible and irreversible, are a causal step in cellular dysfunction. Identifying markers of oxidative stress has been the focus of many researchers as they have the potential to act as an “integrator” of a multitude of processes that drive cardiovascular pathobiology. One of the major challenges is the accurate quantification of reactive oxygen species with very short half-life. Redox-sensitive proteins with important cellular functions are confined to signalling microdomains in cardiovascular cells and are not readily available for quantification. A popular approach is the measurement of stable by-products modified under conditions of oxidative stress that have entered the circulation. However, these may not accurately reflect redox stress at the cell/tissue level. Many of these modifications are “functionally silent”. Functional significance of the oxidative modifications enhances their validity as a proposed biological marker of cardiovascular disease, and is the strength of the redox cysteine modifications such as glutathionylation. We review selected biomarkers of oxidative stress that show promise in cardiovascular medicine, as well as new methodologies for high-throughput measurement in research and clinical settings. Although associated with disease severity, further studies are required to examine the utility of the most promising oxidative biomarkers to predict prognosis or response to treatment.

Change in redox state and heat shock protein expression in an Indian major carp <i>Cirrhinus cirrhosus</i> exposed to zinc and lead

“…The extent of lipid peroxidation in fish tissues changes under various stressful conditions and is known to be a sensitive indicator of damage to various tissues under different environmental conditions (Ho et al, 2013;Verlecar et al., 2007). In this study, high and persistent MDA levels in the kidney tissues might be indicative of the better and quick defensive strategy of kidney tissue and the possible variation of time taken by different tissues to initiate the expression of their protective enzymes.…”

Ryanodine receptor fragmentation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ leak after one session of high-intensity interval exercise

“…3A). MDA protein adducts reflect the degree of lipid peroxidation and are frequently used as a biomarker of increased ROS production (36), and the RyR1 protein complex is known to be highly susceptible to ROS-induced modifications (37).…”

Short‐Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: The Framingham Heart Study

“…Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme that is abundantly stored in inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes and is involved in a wide range of activities that generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species 10, 11, 12, 13. Prior studies have yielded mixed results 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.…”