Biological functions of epicatechin: Plant cell to human cell health

Monika, Prakash; Basavaraj, B. V.; Murthy, Kotamballi N. Chidambara

doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.021

Cited by 91 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Other studies conducted in Perú on fermented cocoa beans from Tingo María, San Alejandro, and Curimaná presented epicatechin and catechin concentrations of 0.33-5.04 mg/g and 0.02-0.14 mg/g, respectively [47]. It is known that epicatechin has diverse biological properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitumor, and cardio-protective activity) [48]; thus, the Criollo cocoa beans used in the present study show potential for use in the elaboration of functional foods. It has been postulated…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Kinetics of Total Phenolic Content and Monomeric Flavan-3-ols during the Roasting Process of Criollo Cocoa

et al. 2020

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Cocoa beans are the main raw material for the manufacture of chocolate and are currently gaining great importance due to their antioxidant potential attributed to the total phenolic content (TPC) and the monomeric flavan-3-ols (epicatechin and catechin). The objective of this study was to determine the degradation kinetics parameters of TPC, epicatechin, and catechin during the roasting process of Criollo cocoa for 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min at 90, 110, 130, 150, 170, 190, and 200 • C. The results showed a lower degradation of TPC (10.98 ± 6.04%) and epicatechin (8.05 ± 3.01%) at 130 • C and 10 min of roasting, while a total degradation of epicatechin and a 92.29 ± 0.06% degradation of TPC was obtained at 200 • C and 50 min. Reaction rate constant (k) and activation energy (E a ) were 0.02-0.10 min −1 and 24.03 J/mol for TPC and 0.02-0.13 min −1 and 22.51 J/mol for epicatechin, respectively. Degradation kinetics of TPC and epicatechin showed first-order reactions, while the catechin showed patterns of formation and degradation.Antioxidants 2020, 9, 146 2 of 12 concentrations of polyphenols as antioxidants [12]. These health effects have been assumed to be associated with the presence of polyphenols, among which are monomeric flavan-3-ols: epicatechin and catechin [5,[13][14][15][16]. The beneficial effects of cocoa polyphenols to human health are, among others, the scavenge of free radicals and prevention of damage to DNA, the chelation of metals, vasoprotective effects, improvements in endothelial function, anti-inflammatory effects, the amelioration of insulin resistance, and anticarcinogenic effects, among others [13,[17][18][19][20][21]. Cocoa is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and may account for 12-18% of the dry mass of the beans [5]. Typically, polyphenols are sensitive to heat during the process, especially under a high temperature environment, i.e., roasting and drying [22,23]. Additionally, roasting influences the alteration of bioactive compounds [24]. In particular, the roasting process leads to the loss or modification of flavanols, which leads to a 14% loss of the total phenolic content (TPC), as well as the epimerization of epicatechin to catechin [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].Kinetic modeling can provide a deeper understanding of the changes that occur during thermal processing controlling and food quality optimization [33,34]. Since these roasting techniques were introduced to the chocolate industry, the roasting time and temperature have been studied, applying designs or models that allow for a proper assessment of the process [35]. Various studies have been reported on the effect of roasting on cocoa nibs' coloration, physical/chemical changes [4,5,8,16,23,25,36], flavor changes [37], and the kinetics of polyphenol degradation during drying [12,28,38]; however, studies on the kinetics of the polyphenol and monomeric flavan-3-ol degradation of Criollo cocoa during the roasting process are scarce, so the aim of the present study was to understand this degradation and determine the ki...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Kinetics of Total Phenolic Content and Monomeric Flavan-3-ols during the Roasting Process of Criollo Cocoa

et al. 2020

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“…* 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (DHPVL); 5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (HPVL); 5-phenyl-γ-valerolactone (PVL); 4-hydroxy-5-(3′,4′dihydroxyphenyl)valeric acid (HDHPVA) and 4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid (HHPVA). observed that the consumption of a food rich in epicatechin promotes the regeneration of cells β-pancreatic (Prakash, Basavaraj & Murthy, 2019).…”

Section: Chdl-cholesterolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa colonic phenolic metabolites are related to HDL-cholesterol raising effects and methylxanthine metabolites and insoluble dietary fibre to anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects in humans

Sarriá

Gómez-Juaristi

Martínez‐López³

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Background In many cocoa intervention studies, health outcomes are related to cocoa components without taking into account the bioavailability of the main bioactive components: phenolic compounds and methylxanthines. Methods The present work associates the results of bioavailability and randomised controlled crossover studies in humans carried out with similar cocoa products, so that the main phenol and methylxanthine metabolites observed in plasma and urine are associated to the health effects observed in the chronic studies. We outstand that doses of cocoa and consumption rate used are realistic. In the bioavailability study, a conventional (CC) and a methylxanthine-polyphenol rich (MPC) cocoa product were used, whereas in the chronic study a dietary fibre-rich (DFC) and a polyphenol-rich (PC) product were studied in healthy and cardiovascular risk subjects. Results and Discussion The main phenolic metabolites formed after CC and MPC intake, 5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3′-sulfate, 3′-methyl-epicatechin-5-sulfate, 4-hydroxy-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid-sulfate, 5-phenyl-γ-valerolactone--sulfate and 5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3′-glucuronide, may contribute to the changes in cholesterol (and indirectly HDL-cholesterol) observed after the regular intake of both DFC and PC, in healthy and cardiovascular risk subjects, whereas 7-methylxanthine (the main cocoa methylxanthine metabolite) and theobromine, together with its content in insoluble dietary fibre, may be responsible for the decrease of IL-1β and hypoglycemic effects observed with DFC. With both phenolic and methylxanthine metabolites a strong dose–response effect was observed. Conclusion After the regular consumption of both DFC and PC, positive changes were observed in volunteer’s lipid profile, which may be related to the long-lasting presence of colonic phenolic metabolites in blood. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects were only observed with DFC, and these may be related to methylxanthine metabolites, and it is likely that insoluble dietary fibre may have also played a role.

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“…Antimicrobial and antiviral (showed inhibition against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (Musarra-Pizzo et al, 2019) Anti-oxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antitumor (Cosarcã et al, 2019) Antioxidant, UV protective, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-cancer (Bae et al, 2020) Antiviral (showed inhibition against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (You et al, 2018) Epicatechin Antiviral (showed inhibitory effect against Mayaro (MAYV) virus and other alphavirus viruses (Ferreira et al, 2018) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory (Dias et al, 2018) Antibacterial (Ezhil and Lakshmi, 2017) Antidiabetic (Ibrahim et al, 2018) Anti-infective (Song, 2017) Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, anticancer and cardioprotective (Prakash et al, 2019) Antioxidant and anticollagenase (showed a high inhibitory power against the collagenase enzyme, responsible for the degradation of matrix collagen and the photo-aging process. (Geeta et al, 2019) UV protection (Prasanth et al, 2020)…”

Section: Catechinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi extracts: From sunscreen activity toward protection of the placenta to Zika virus infection, new uses for a well-known medicinal plant

Oliveira

Valentim

Rocha

et al. 2020

Industrial Crops and Products

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Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a well-known medicinal plant native of South America. This species has demonstrated important biological activities such as antihypertensive and vasodilator, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, no studies have been, so far, reported with the fruits of S. terebinthifolius as a protector of the placenta against Zika virus infection and as sunscreen agents. The present study aimed to investigate new uses for the ethanolic fruit extracts of S. terebinthifolius, from fruits'peel (STPE) and from the whole fruits (STWFE). Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to several fetal malformations, such as microcephaly and other central nervous system abnormalities. Thus, the potential of these natural extracts against ZIKV infection was evaluated, using an in vitro method. The photoprotective potential, determined by spectrometry, along with phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and chemical composition of both extracts were also evaluated. The chemical composition of the extracts was evaluated by HPLC-UV / vis. The cytotoxicity of peel and whole fruit extracts in vero E6 cell lines, in placental cell lines and placental explant cultures were evaluated by the MTT assay. The infectivity of placental cells and explants was evaluated by qRT-PCR and the effects of extracts on ZIKV infection were investigated using HTR-8/SVneo cells, pre-treated with 100 μg mL −1 of STWFE for 1 h, and infected with MR766 (AD) or PE243 (EH) ZIKV strains. STFE and STWFE were well-tolerated by both placental-derived trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo as well as by term placental chorionic villi explants, which indicate absence of cytotoxicity in all analysed concentrations. Two strains of ZIKV were tested to access if pretreatment of trophoblast cells with the STWFE would protect them against infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that STWFE extract greatly reduced ZIKV infection. The extracts were also photoprotective with SPF values equivalent to the standard, benzophenone-3. The formulations prepared in different concentrations of the extracts (5-10 %) had shown maximum SPF values of 32.21. STWFE represents a potential natural mixture to be used in pregnancy in order to restrain placental infection by ZIKV and might potentially protect fetus against ZIKV-related malformations. The extracts exhibited photoprotective activity and some of the phenolic compounds, mainly resveratrol, catechin and epicatechin, are active ingredients in all assayed activities. The development of biotechnological/medical products, giving extra value to products from family farming, is expected, with strong prospects for success.

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Biological functions of epicatechin: Plant cell to human cell health

Cited by 91 publications

References 78 publications

The Kinetics of Total Phenolic Content and Monomeric Flavan-3-ols during the Roasting Process of Criollo Cocoa

The Kinetics of Total Phenolic Content and Monomeric Flavan-3-ols during the Roasting Process of Criollo Cocoa

Cocoa colonic phenolic metabolites are related to HDL-cholesterol raising effects and methylxanthine metabolites and insoluble dietary fibre to anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects in humans

Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi extracts: From sunscreen activity toward protection of the placenta to Zika virus infection, new uses for a well-known medicinal plant

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