Biological functionality and mechanistic contribution of extracellular matrix‐ornamented three dimensional Ti‐6Al‐4V mesh scaffolds

Abstract

The 3D printed metallic implants are considered bioinert in nature because of the absence of bioactive molecules. Thus, surface modification of bioinert materials is expected to favorably promote osteoblast functions and differentiation. In this context, the objective of this study is to fundamentally elucidate the effect of cell-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) ornamented 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds on biological functions, involving cell adhesion, proliferation, and synthesis of vinculin and actin proteins. To mimic the natural ECM environment, the mineralized ECM of osteoblasts was deposited on the Ti-6Al-4V porous scaffolds, fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM) method. The process comprised of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and freeze-thaw cycles to obtain decellularized extra cellular matrix (dECM), in vitro. The dECM provided a natural environment to restore the natural cell functionality of osteoblasts that were cultured on dECM ornamented Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds. In comparison to the bare Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, a higher cell functionality such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and growth including cell-cell and cell-material interaction were observed on dECM ornamented Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, which were characterized by using markers for focal adhesion and cytoskeleton such as vinculin and actin. Moreover, electron microscopy also indicated higher cell-material interaction and enhanced proliferation of cells on dECM ornamented Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, supported by MTT assay. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2751-2763, 2016.

Applications of decellularized extracellular matrix in bone and cartilage tissue engineering

“…ECM ornamentation thus primes the scaffold for better cell attachment and more robust cell growth/proliferation . This process has been demonstrated on multiple types of scaffolds, such as 3D‐printed scaffolds, electrospun scaffolds, and decellularized tissue …”

Advancements in three-dimensional titanium alloy mesh scaffolds fabricated by electron beam melting for biomedical devices: mechanical and biological aspects

“…The bioactivity of the surface was improved and the modified surface was expected to enhance the fixation of the implant with the surrounding bone and improve the long-term stability [127,128].…”

“…Incorporation of other drugs such as dexamethasone, hydrogels, simvastatin, antimicrobial agents, and VEGF has also been explored [127][128][129][130].…”

Load‐bearing biodegradable polycaprolactone‐poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐ beta tri‐calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration

“…Considering the above aspects, a number of related studies have been carried out in the past on different methods for the stimulation of bone regeneration. In these works, researchers have tried to use various materials, such as 3D printed porous metallic scaffolds, metallic foam, 3D printed porous ceramic scaffolds, 3D printed porous polymeric scaffolds, biodegradable polymeric composites, ceramic or polymeric scaffolds created by salt‐leaching method or by freeze‐drying, to accomplish the required properties for the bone tissue applications . For instance, Hollander et al fabricated the porous scaffolds of titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4 V) using direct laser forming for the bone tissue engineering applications.…”

“…In these works, researchers have tried to use various materials, such as 3D printed porous metallic scaffolds, metallic foam, 3D printed porous ceramic scaffolds, 3D printed porous polymeric scaffolds, biodegradable polymeric composites, ceramic or polymeric scaffolds created by salt-leaching method or by freezedrying, to accomplish the required properties for the bone tissue applications. [14][15][16] For instance, Hollander et al 17 fabricated the porous scaffolds of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4 V) using direct laser forming for the bone tissue engineering applications. In a similar work, Pattanayak et al 18 used selective laser sintering to produce a porous scaffold of titanium, followed by chemical treatment to improve the bioactivity.…”