Biological Energy Transformations During Shock as Shown by Tissue Analyses

LePage, G. A.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1946.146.2.267

Cited by 110 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A comparison of the results obtained here with those obtained by LePage (20) on adult rats shows the similarities and differences between the concentrations of phosphorylated compounds in the tissues of the two species.…”

Section: D~stribution Of the Phosphorflated Intermediates Of Glycolyssupporting

confidence: 71%

Studies on the Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism of Aquatic Animals

DuBois

Geiling

McBride

et al. 1948

Journal of General Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The differences and similarities between aquatic and terresfial mammals have been the subjects of several investigations (1-3). Studies of the gross and hlstologic anatomy of the lungs of several marine mammals have disclosed some structural modifications peculiar to these species (4, 5). The problems of adaptation of physical structure to an aquatic environment have been discussed by Kellogg (6) and the physiology of respiration of diving animals has been reviewed by Irving (7).The mechanisms for controlling the oxygen supply to the tissues and the ability of many marine mammals to undergo long periods of submergence have been of great interest. Irving, Scholander, and Grinnell (8) studied the respiration of dolphins during rest and diving and found that the resting oxygen consumption was less than that for seals but somewhat greater than for man per unit of weight. They reported that the lactic acid content of the muscle tissue of dolphins did not change significantly during the dive and that blood lactate values were not altered during or after diving, in contrast to the results obtained on rats and ducks (9) and on seals (8) in which lactic acid increased in the muscle during diving and in the blood during recovery.With some information on the over-all physiology of the dolphin at hand, it was of interest to study the intermediary cellular metabolism, since fundamental differences in the metabolism of aquatic and terrestial mammals must certainly reflect variations in enzymatic processes. Except for the findings of Manery, Welch, and Irving (10) that excised seal skeletal muscle can glycolyze to the same extent as rabbit muscle, data on the concentrations of the intermediates of glycolysis and on the respiratory and glycolytic enzymes in the

show abstract

Section: D~stribution Of the Phosphorflated Intermediates Of Glycolyssupporting

confidence: 71%

Studies on the Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism of Aquatic Animals

DuBois

Geiling

McBride

et al. 1948

Journal of General Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pulmonary hemorrhage in lungs of neonates at autopsy has been a common finding (1,10,11). One recent report considered it to be the principle cause of death in 9% of autopsies reviewed in that study (1 1).…”

Section: Speculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxanthine as a Measurement of Hypoxia

1975

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ExtractThe hypoxanthine concentration in plasma was found to be a sensitive parameter of hypoxia of the fetus and the newborn infant.The plasma level of hypoxanthine in the umbilical cord in 29 newborn infants with normal delivery varied between 0 and 11.0 pmol/liter with a mean of 5.8 pmollliter, SD 3.0 pmol/liter.Compared with this reference group the hypoxanthine concentration in ~l a s m a of the umbilical cord in 10 newborn infants with clinical signs of intrauterine hypoxia during labor was found to be significantly higher, with a range of 11.0-61.5 pmol/liter, with a mean of 25.0 pmol/liter, SD 18.0 pmollliter.The plasma level of hypoxanthine in two premature babies developing an idiopatic respiratory distress syndrome was monitored. The metabolite was found to be considerably increased, in one of them more than 24 hr after a period of hypoxia necessitating artificial ventilation.The hypoxanthine level in plasma of umbilical arterial blood was followed about 2 hr postpartum in three newborn infants with clinical signs of intrauterine hypoxia. The decrease of the plasma concentration of the metabolite seemed to be with a constant velocity, as it was about 10 pmol/liter/hr in these cases.A new method was used for the determination of hypoxanthine in plasma, based on the principle that POz decreased when hypoxanthine is oxidized to uric acid. SpeculationThese preliminary results indicate that the hypoxanthine concentration in plasma is a sensitive parameter of hypoxia. It is expected that this metabolite will express the degree of hypoxia quantitatively and regardless of the etiology of the hypoxia. The excretion of hypoxanthine and other purine metabolites in urine might also have diagnostic value.It has been known for more than 40 years that the concentration of uric acid in plasma and its excretion in the urine is increased during anaerobic conditions (12). Berne (2) found that there was an increased liberation of inosine and hypoxanthine into the coronary circulation when the myocardium of cat and dog was ischemic. Crowell et al. (6) showed that in hemorrhagic shock there was an increased catabolism of high energy purines to uric acid. During the past years a series of other papers have confirmed these results (1,5,13). Figure 1 describes schematically the purine catabolism from AMP (modified from Cantarow and Schepartz (4)). As oxygen is needed for the transformation of hypoxanthine into uric acid, the reaction will probably be slowed down when the availability of oxygen is reduced. Hence we can imagine that during hypoxia there will be accumulation of hypoxanthine.Lack of oxygen will of course slow down the oxidative 15 phosphorylation, and the concentration of AMP will increase. From the chemical equilibria it can be deduced that an increased AMP concentration, as in hypoxia, will also lead to an increased degradation of AMP, and consequently an increased production of inter alia hypoxanthine. It is also known that xanthine oxidase is inhibited during hypoxia (3). This too will in turn be followed by...

show abstract

“…To be sure, our blood analytical data may not disclose persisting metabolic abnormalities in certain vital tissues, whose function, therefore, continues to be adversely affected; for example, the brain stem may suffer from the decrease in oxygen supply (14) in spite of the apparently normal enzymatic behavior suggested by the blood findings. But there is no evidence to indicate that in the circumstances of our experiments any organ apart from the liver is of critical importance with respect to the collapse of the peripheral vascular system in shock, since such organs, including the brain, respond well to transfusion after exposure to a degree of hypotension and hypoxia which the liver cannot tolerate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It has been demonstrated in traumatized rats (13) that the accumulation in the blood of lactic acid, inorganic phosphate, and phosphopyruvic acid occurs simultaneously with a progressive exhaustion of energy reservoirs in tissues (14), particularly in liver and brain. A correlation has been said to exist between survival and the magnitude of the original rise in the blood level of these intermediary metabolites as well as in the speed of their return to normal values (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic Shock. Xv. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Hemorrhagic Shock in the Dog 1

Seligman

Frank²,

Alexander³

et al. 1947

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Traumatic shock may be regarded as a process of rapid biologicdisintegration resulting from progressive tissue anoxia consequent to peripheral circulatory failure. This concept explains the recent growth of interest in the intermediary metabolic derangements in shock, which have been found to be severe, involving many enzyme systems concerned with protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Since the liver is a master organ in this respect, it deserves close scrutiny. That this organ should suffer at least as severely as any organ in shock is suggested by the sharp reduction in volume and velocity of flow through the portal system (1, 2) and by the observed reduction of liver excretory functions early in shock (3). Moreover, the recent demonstration that crosscirculation of the dog in hemorrhagic shock from a donor dog via the liver is capable of preventing the onset of irreversibility to transfusion (4) and of curing such irreversibility when established (5) indicates that liver damage plays a primary role in the shock phenomenon. It is, therefore, natural that a relationship should be sought between metabolic derangements in large part normally under liver control and the progressive deterioration characteristic of the late stages of the shock syndrome when therapy is no longer effective.The metabolism of pyruvic and lactic acids and glucose shows abnormalities in shock (6, 7). In shock the rise in blood pyruvic acid and the simultaneous and usually disproportionately greater rise in lactic acid, producing an increase in the lactic to pyruvic acid ratio, are due to anoxia. Even though changes in blood concentration of these metabolites are not specific manifestations of traumatic shock, since they occur also in fever, following vigorous exercise, epinephrin injection, and in

show abstract

Biological Energy Transformations During Shock as Shown by Tissue Analyses

Cited by 110 publications

References 0 publications

Studies on the Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism of Aquatic Animals

Studies on the Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism of Aquatic Animals

Hypoxanthine as a Measurement of Hypoxia

Traumatic Shock. Xv. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Hemorrhagic Shock in the Dog 1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About