Biological effects and cytotoxicity of the composite composed by tricalcium phosphate and glutaraldehyde cross-linked gelatin

Biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials based on calcium orthophosphates

“…Biocomposites of β-TCP and glutaraldehyde cross-linked gelatin were manufactured and tested in vitro to measure the material cytotoxicity. 470 The experimental results revealed that the amount of glutaraldehyde cross-linking agent should be less than 8% to decrease toxicity on the osteoblasts and to avoid inhibition of cellular growth caused by the release of residual or un-cross-linked glutaraldehyde. A long-term implantation study of PDLLA/α-TCP composites in a loaded sheep implant model showed good results after 12 months but a strong osteolytic reaction after 24 months.…”

“…1133 Other researchers used glutaraldehyde as a cross-linked reag ent. 470,474,598,600,601,619,624,699,736,778,781,1141 Alternatively, the interfacial bonding among calcium orthophosphates and other components might be induced by silanes, 242,268,269,293,406,640,[1142][1143][1144][1145] zirconates, 282,406,408,1146,1147 titanates, 282,406,1146 phosphoric acid, 643 alkaline pretreatment, 877,880 polyacids 143,144,293 and some other chemicals. Furthermore, some polymers might be grafted onto the surface of calcium orthophosphate particles.…”

Calcium orthophosphate-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials

“…Besides, they are faster resorbed in vivo. 5 Therefore, these calcium orthophosphates were used instead of HA to prepare completely biodegradable biocomposites [376][377][378][379][380][381][382][383][384][385][386][387][388][389][390][391][392][393][394]. For example, a biodegradable and osteoconductive biocomposite made of b-TCP particles and gelatin was proposed [385].…”

“…Other researchers investigated BMP-2-loaded porous b-TCP/gelatin biocomposites (porosity 95%, average pore size 180-200 lm) [402] and confirmed the precious study. Biocomposites of b-TCP and glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin were manufactured and tested in vitro to measure the material cytotoxicity [388]. The experimental results revealed that the amount of glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent should be less than 8% to decrease the toxicity on the osteoblasts and to avoid inhibition of cellular growth caused by the release of residual or uncrosslinked glutaraldehyde.…”

“…Thermogravimetric and infrared analysis demonstrated that the polymers were chemically bonded to the HA particles through the isocyanate groups, making it a suitable approach to improve the adhesion [910]. Other researchers used glutaraldehyde as a crosslinked reagent in various calcium orthophosphate-based biocomposites [388,392,500,502,503,520,525,585,621,646,649,917]. The interfacial bonding between calcium orthophosphates and other components might be induced by using various coupling agents and surface modifiers, such as silanes [192,234,337,540,[918][919][920][921][922][923], zirconates [225,337,339,914,924], titanates [225,337,924], phosphoric acid [543], alkaline pretreatment [722,725], polyacids [115,116,234], and other chemicals.…”