Biological Control ofBemisia argentifolii(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia with Inundative Releases ofEncarsia formosa(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): Are Higher Release Rates Necessarily Better?

Hoddle, Mark S.; Driesche, Roy Van; Sanderson, John P.

doi:10.1006/bcon.1997.0571

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Third, mutual interference has been demonstrated for E. formosa (GHWF) (Varley et al, 1973) and results from interactions between wasps which reduces searching efficiency (Hassell, 1971). Mutual interference is considered a possible constraint on using E. formosa inundatively for whitefly control on greenhouse ornamentals (Parrella et al, 1991;Hoddle et al, 1997c).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery and utilization of Bemisia argentifolii patches by Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain) in greenhouses

Hoddle

Driesche

Elkinton

et al. 1998

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The ability of two species of aphelinid parasitoids to find and attack Bemisia argentifolii was determined. Experiments were conducted with whitefly patches on single leaf poinsettia plants randomly distributed in canopies of four commercially grown poinsettia crops at an early and late stage of plant growth. Eretmocerus eremicus found experimental patches in canopies of small and large plants more quickly and frequently, and killed more nymphs following patch discovery than Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain). E. eremicus exhibited a Type I functional response in small and large canopies while E. formosa (Beltsville strain) showed a Type II functional response in small canopies and a weak linear response in large canopies. In greenhouses treated with E. eremicus, canopy size increased 4.6 and nymphs per plant increased 14.2 between small and large canopy experiments. Consequently, area of search for this parasitoid increased 83%, number of wasps counted on patches decreased 74%, and proportion of nymphs killed in artificial patches decreased 47% between small and large canopies. In greenhouses treated with E. formosa Beltsville strain, canopy size increased 7:3 and nymphs per plant increased 25.4 between small and large canopy experiments. Consequently for E. formosa Beltsville strain, area of search increased 11%, number of wasps counted on patches decreased 86%, and proportion of nymphs killed in artificial patches decreased 47% between small and large canopies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery and utilization of Bemisia argentifolii patches by Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain) in greenhouses

Hoddle

Driesche

Elkinton

et al. 1998

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Since then, this parasitoid has been used worldwide for controlling T. vaporariorum in greenhouses (Vet et al 1980; Noldus and van Lenteren 1990), most recently by augmentative inundative release (Hoddle et al 1997a, b). Although able to successfully parasitize B.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-specific interaction between the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa and its host, the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Strain B)

Hu¹,

Gelman²,

Blackburn³

2003

Journal of Insect Science

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The effect of hostage, the instar of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) parasitized, on the growth and development of Encarsia formosa (Gahan) was studied. E. formosa was able to parasitize and complete its life cycle no matter which instar of B. tabaci (Strain B), [also identified as B. argentifolii (Bellows and Perring)], was provided for oviposition, but parasitoid development was significantly slower when 1st or 2nd instar B. tabaci rather than 3rd or 4th instars were parasitized. Host age influenced the day on which E. formosa nymphs hatching from eggs was first observed. Mean embryonic development was significantly longer when 1st (5.4 days) rather than 2nd, 3rd or 4th instars (4.1, 3.4 and 3.5 days, respectively) were parasitized. The duration of the 1st instar parasitoid and the pupa, but not the 2nd or 3rd instar parasitoid, were also significantly greater when 1st instars were parasitized than when older host instars were parasitized. Interestingly, no matter which instar was parasitized, the parasitoid did not molt to the 3rd instar until the 4th instar host had reached a depth of about 0.23 mm (Stage 4–5) and had initiated the nymphal-adult molt and adult development. Histological studies revealed that whitefly eye and wing structures had either disintegrated or were adult in nature whenever a 3rd instar parasitoid was present. It appears, then, that the molt of the parasitoid to its last instar is associated with the host whitefly's nymphal-adult molt. However, the initiation of the host's final molt, while a prerequisite for the parasitoid's 2nd–3rd instar molt, did not necessarily trigger this molt. In contrast to its significant effect on various aspects of parasitoid development, host instar did not significantly influence the mean size of the parasitoid larva, pupa, or adult. Larval and pupal length and adult head width were similar for all parasitoids, regardless of which host instar was parasitized as was adult longevity. Adult parasitoid emergence was more synchronous when 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were parasitized than when 1st instars were parasitized. Results are compared with those reported when the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, was parasitized by E. formosa, and provide possible explanations for why T. vaporariorum is a more suitable host than B. tabaci for E. formosa.

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“…As part of an integrated pest management (IPM) project to reduce resistance development and improve B. argentifolii management on poinsettia in Massachusetts, we have been evaluating the ability of natural enemies (hymenopterous parasitoids) for the biological control of B. argentifolii (Hoddle et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological control ofBemisia argentifolii(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia with inundative releases ofEretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): do release rates affect parasitism?

Hoddle

Driesche

Sanderson

et al. 1998

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The effectiveness of inundative releases of the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus n. sp. Rose & Zolnerowich for control of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring on poinsettia in replicated experimental greenhouses was determined. We evaluated two release rates of £. eremicus: a low release rate (one female per plant per week, released in two greenhouses, in spring 1995) and a high release rate (three females per plant per week, released in two greenhouses, in spring 1994), each over a 14 week growing season. Each release trial had either one (1995) or two (1994) control greenhouses in which B. argentifolii developed on poinsettia in the absence of £. eremicus. Life-tables were constructed for B. argentifolii in the presence and absence of E. eremicus by using a photographic technique to follow cohorts of whiteflies on poinsettia leaves. Weekly population counts of whiteflies were also made. In the absence of E. eremicus, egg to adult survivorship of B. argentifolii on poinsettia was 75-81%. At the low release rate, egg to adult survivorship of B. argentifolii was 12% and parasitism was 34%. At the high release rate, egg to adult survivorship of B. argentifolii was 0.9% and parasitism was 10%. The average net reproductive rates (R o ) for populations of B. argentifolii in the absence of £. eremicus ranged from 20.5 to 26.1, indicating a rapidly increasing population density. Net reproductive rates for whitefly populations subject to parasitoid releases were 3.7 in the low release rate greenhouses, and 0.25 in the high release rate greenhouses, indicating substantially reduced B. argentifolii population growth. At week 14 of the trial, densities of immature whiteflies were lower in greenhouses at the low release rate when compared to the high release rate greenhouses. This was attributed to high levels of in-house reproduction by parasitoids at the low release rate.

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Biological Control ofBemisia argentifolii(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia with Inundative Releases ofEncarsia formosa(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): Are Higher Release Rates Necessarily Better?

Cited by 39 publications

References 20 publications

Discovery and utilization of Bemisia argentifolii patches by Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain) in greenhouses

Discovery and utilization of Bemisia argentifolii patches by Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain) in greenhouses

Age-specific interaction between the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa and its host, the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Strain B)

Biological control ofBemisia argentifolii(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia with inundative releases ofEretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): do release rates affect parasitism?

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