Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita by Arthrobotrys Oligospora

Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes

“…Mobile juveniles are trapped by the loop formed by hyphae, or hyphae directly adhere to immobilized juveniles without any developed loops or traps. Traps formed as a response against nematode presence and resulted in the attraction, adhesion, capturing, penetration and immobilization of juveniles and finally digestion and assimilation of the nematodes [ 67 ]. Studies revealed that trapping of juveniles by the fungus increases with time.…”

Soil-Borne Nematodes: Impact in Agriculture and Livestock and Sustainable Strategies of Prevention and Control with Special Reference to the Use of Nematode Natural Enemies

“…As previously mentioned, depending on the Arthrobotrys species, they produce different trapping devices; for example, A. javanica, A. vermicola, A. musiformis, A. superba, A. cladodes, and A. polycephala produce adhesive nets, while A. brochopaga and A. dactyloides produce constricting rings [184,185]. The potential use of A. oligospora in the control of plant-parasitic nematodes has been assessed in economically important crops, for example, in tomato plants [173,186,187] and rice [188], which have been assessed in many trials, with promising results. In the case of using this species for controlling ruminant parasitic nematodes due to this fungus producing only a small amount of chlamydospores, mainly in old cultures, A. oligospora has not been considered a good candidate for use in the control of nematodes affecting ruminants.…”

“…Although it produces a large number of spores, these spores are much more sensitive to the gastrointestinal passage of ruminants compared to D. flagrans chlamydospores, which are 10 𝛍M The mechanisms of capture include trap formation, and this process is regularly accompanied by other sophisticated fungal strategies, for instance, the production of nematode attractant substances that mimic sexual and food olfactory cues [171]. Such predatory efficiency of nematophagous fungi has been demonstrated in a number of in vitro assays where both plant and animal-parasitic nematodes are captured in trapping devices and eventually killed and digested by predatory fungi [172,173]. Their potential use in the control of phytonematodes in different economically important crops has also been demonstrated with successful results [174][175][176].…”