Biological control of fire blight.

Johnson, K. B.; Stockwell, Virginia O.; Vanneste, J.L.

doi:10.1079/9780851992945.0319

Cited by 54 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Bacterial communities in the apple phyllosphere have been studied to further knowledge of the ecology and biological control of Erwinia amylovora , a Gram‐negative bacterium that causes fire blight disease (Johnson and Stockwell 2000; Lindow and Brandl 2003). Additional studies of bacteria in the apple phyllosphere have focused on bacterial resistance to streptomycin and oxytetracycline, antibiotics used to protect apple, pear and certain other rosaceous plants from infection by Erw.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture-dependent and culture-independent assessment of bacteria in the apple phyllosphere

Yashiro

Spear

McManus

2011

Journal of Applied Microbiology

102

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Aims: Bacterial communities in the apple phyllosphere were examined quantitatively and qualitatively by applying culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods. Methods and Results: Populations estimated by viewing cells stained with 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole generally were at least 100–1000 times greater than populations estimated by culturing on tryptic soy agar (TSA). Of the 44 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; cut‐off threshold of 97%) detected in total, five bacterial orders containing 23 OTUs were identified by culturing on TSA, whereas nine orders containing 33 OTUs were identified by 16S rRNA gene cloning of DNA extracted from apple leaf surfaces. Twelve of the 44 OTUs were shared between cultured isolates and 16S rRNA gene clones and included the orders Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales. Three OTUs within the genus Sphingomonas accounted for 40% of isolates and 68% of clones. The Actinomycetales were found only among isolates, whereas the Bacteroidales, Enterobacteriales, Myxococales and Sphingobacteriales were represented in the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries but were absent among isolates. Conclusions: Culture‐independent methods revealed greater numbers and greater richness of bacteria on apple leaves than found by culturing. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study to directly compare culture‐dependent and independent approaches for assessing bacterial communities in the phyllosphere. The biases introduced by different methods will have a significant impact on studies related to phyllosphere ecology, biological control of plant diseases, reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes and food safety.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture-dependent and culture-independent assessment of bacteria in the apple phyllosphere

Yashiro

Spear

McManus

2011

Journal of Applied Microbiology

102

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“…The colonization of flowers by competing bacteria before infection by E. amylovora is a strategy to control the initial steps of fire blight. Experiments for pre‐colonization were performed with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and P. agglomerans strains (Johnson and Stockwell, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome of Erwinia tasmaniensis strain Et1/99, a non‐pathogenic bacterium in the genus Erwinia

Kube

Migdoll

Müller

et al. 2008

Environmental Microbiology

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The complete genome of the bacterium Erwinia tasmaniensis strain Et1/99 consisting of a 3.9 Mb circular chromosome and five plasmids was sequenced. Strain Et1/99 represents an epiphytic plant bacterium related to Erwinia amylovora and E. pyrifoliae, which are responsible for the important plant diseases fire blight and Asian pear shoot blight, respectively. Strain Et1/99 is a non-pathogenic bacterium and is thought to compete with these and other bacteria when occupying the same habitat during initial colonization. Genome analysis revealed tools for colonization, cellular communication and defence modulation, as well as genes coding for the synthesis of levan and a not detected capsular exopolysaccharide. Strain Et1/99 may secrete indole-3-acetic acid to increase availability of nutrients provided on plant surfaces. These nutrients are subsequently accessed and metabolized. Secretion systems include the hypersensitive response type III pathway present in many pathogens. Differences or missing parts within the virulence-related factors distinguish strain Et1/99 from pathogens such as Pectobacterium atrosepticum and the related Erwinia spp. Strain Et1/99 completely lacks the sorbitol operon, which may also affect its inability to invade fire blight host plants. Erwinia amylovora in contrast depends for virulence on utilization of sorbitol, the dominant carbohydrate in rosaceous plants. The presence of other virulence-associated factors in strain Et1/99 indicates the ancestral genomic background of many plant-associated bacteria.

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“…Nevertheless, the wide use of chemicals has important drawbacks, such as the appearance of antibiotic‐resistant strains of E. amylovora (Moller et al , 1981; Loper et al , 1991; Jones & Schnabel, 2000; Vanneste & Voyle, 2002), which may cause the failure of disease control and the persistence of such chemicals in the environment and food. Therefore, new strategies of fire blight management are increasingly being used, such as biological control (Wilson & Lindow, 1993; Johnson & Stockwell, 2000; Stockwell et al , 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epiphytic fitness of a biological control agent of fire blight in apple and pear orchards under Mediterranean weather conditions

Pujol

Badosa

Seguí

2007

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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The behaviour of Pseudomonas fluorescens EPS62e was investigated in apple and pear orchards under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The trials studied the influence of weather conditions, plant host species, presence of indigenous microbial community and spread from treated to nontreated trees on colonization and survival. Population dynamics were assessed by real-time PCR and CFU-counting methods. With inoculated flowers, weather conditions were optimal for colonization, and EPS62e established high and stable population levels around 10(8) CFU per organ, according to both methods of analysis. The plant host species did not influence the colonization rate, and the biocontrol agent dominated the microbial communities of blossoms, representing up to 100% of the total cultivable population. With inoculated leaves, the EPS62e population decreased to nondetectable levels 30 days after treatment according to both methods used. EPS62e spread moderately in the orchard, being detected in nontreated flowers of trees 15-35 m from the inoculation site. The combined use of real-time PCR and CFU-counting methods of analysis permitted the identification of three physiological states for EPS62e in the field, which consisted of active colonization, survival and entry into a viable but nonculturable state, and cell death.

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Biological control of fire blight.

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Culture-dependent and culture-independent assessment of bacteria in the apple phyllosphere

Culture-dependent and culture-independent assessment of bacteria in the apple phyllosphere

The genome of Erwinia tasmaniensis strain Et1/99, a non‐pathogenic bacterium in the genus Erwinia

Epiphytic fitness of a biological control agent of fire blight in apple and pear orchards under Mediterranean weather conditions

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