Biological constraints that limit compensation of a common skeletal trait variant lead to inequivalence of tibial function among healthy young adults

Jepsen, Karl J.; Centi, Amanda; Duarte, G. Felipe; Galloway, Kathleen; Goldman, Howard; Hampson, Naomi A.; Lappe, Joan M.; Cullen, D. M.; Greeves, Julie P.; Izard, Rachel; Nindl, Bradley C.; Kraemer, William J.; Negus, Charles; Evans, Rachel

doi:10.1002/jbmr.497

Cited by 52 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 57 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

110

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Prior work showed that women build more slender bones with less cortical area compared with men, even after adjusting for body size [7,18]. Our prior research has shown that slender bones have a lower cortical area compared with wider, more robust bones [13]. It was unclear whether the lower cortical area reported in the long bones of women was consistent with them having a more slender structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Robustness, which is a standard term used to describe the amount of transverse expansion relative to longitudinal growth [19,24], was calculated as total area/length. Cortical tissue mineral density, which is proportional to tissue modulus [13], was calculated from the mean gray value using the calibration standard. A bone strength index was calculated as cortical tissue mineral density 9 rectangular moment of inertia about the mediolateral axis (I ML ), which correlates with the bending stiffness and strength measured for cadaveric long bones loaded to failure in four-point bending [26].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also tested for differences in bone strength with body size and robustness as covariates to determine how much of the sex differences in bone strength was explained by the differences in robustness. Covariates for cortical area and cortical tissue mineral density included body size and robustness because cortical area naturally correlates positively with robustness, whereas cortical tissue mineral density correlates negatively with robustness when viewed across a population [13,27]. Effect sizes were reported as Cohen's d and calculated as the difference between the two means, slopes, or y-intercepts divided by the pooled SD for that parameter.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Testing for differences in the way men and women build bones was facilitated by taking the complex adaptive nature of the skeletal system into consideration. Prior work revealed predictable patterns in the way the skeletal system coordinately adjusts multiple traits simultaneously to establish whole bone mechanical function (homeostasis) [13,14,31,32]. A consequence of the pattern is that slender bones are built differently (ie, have a different set of traits) compared with robust bones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We tested for sexspecific differences in the way three diaphyseal bone traits (robustness, cortical area, tissue mineral density) covaried in a collection of adult human femurs. We chose these particular traits based on our prior research, which showed how cortical area and tissue mineral density vary relative to the natural variation in bone robustness [13]. We studied the natural variation in robustness as a natural perturbation experiment, asking how the skeletal system coordinately adjusted traits to make slender (narrow relative to length) bones as stiff and strong as robust (wide relative to length) bones [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Women Build Long Bones With Less Cortical Mass Relative to Body Size and Bone Size Compared With Men

Jepsen

Bigelow

Schlecht

2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The twofold greater lifetime risk of fracturing a bone for white women compared with white men and black women has been attributed in part to differences in how the skeletal system accumulates bone mass during growth. On average, women build more slender long bones with less cortical area compared with men. Although slender bones are known to have a naturally lower cortical area compared with wider bones, it remains unclear whether the relatively lower cortical area of women is consistent with their increased slenderness or is reduced beyond that expected for the sex-specific differences in bone size and body size. Whether this sexual dimorphism is consistent with ethnic background and is recapitulated in the widely used mouse model also remains unclear. Questions/purposes We asked (1) do black women build bones with reduced cortical area compared with black men; (2) do white women build bones with reduced cortical area compared with white men; and (3) do female mice build bones with reduced cortical area compared with male mice? Methods Bone strength and cross-sectional morphology of adult human and mouse bone were calculated from quantitative CT images of the femoral midshaft. The data were tested for normality and regression analyses were used to test for differences in cortical area between men and women after adjusting for body size and bone size by general linear model (GLM). Results Linear regression analysis showed that the femurs of black women had 11% lower cortical area compared with those of black men after adjusting for body size and bone size (women: mean = 357.7 mm 2 ; 95% confidence interval [CI], 347.9-367.5 mm 2 ; men: mean = 400.1 mm 2 ; 95% CI, 391.5-408.7 mm 2 ; effect size = 1.2; p \ 0.001, GLM). Likewise, the femurs of white women had 12% less cortical area compared with those of white men after adjusting for body size and bone size (women: mean = 350.1 mm 2 ; 95% CI, 340.4-359.8 mm 2 ; men: mean = 394.3 mm 2 ; 95% CI, 386.5-402.1 mm 2 ; effect size = 1.3; p \ 0.001, GLM). In contrast, female and male femora from recombinant inbred mouse strains showed the opposite trend; femurs from female mice had a 4% larger cortical area compared with those of male mice after adjusting for body size and bone size (female: mean = 0.73 mm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.71-0.74 mm 2 ; male: mean = 0.70 mm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.68-0.71 mm 2 ; effect size = 0.74; p = 0.04, GLM).

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Women Build Long Bones With Less Cortical Mass Relative to Body Size and Bone Size Compared With Men

Jepsen

Bigelow

Schlecht

2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Scaling of Haversian canal surface area to secondary osteon bone volume in ribs and limb bones

Skedros¹,

Knight²,

Clark³

et al. 2013

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies of secondary osteons in ribs have provided a great deal of what is known about remodeling dynamics. Compared with limb bones, ribs are metabolically more active and sensitive to hormonal changes, and receive frequent low-strain loading. Optimization for calcium exchange in rib osteons might be achieved without incurring a significant reduction in safety factor by disproportionally increasing central canal size with increased osteon size (positive allometry). By contrast, greater mechanical loads on limb bones might favor reducing deleterious consequences of intracortical porosity by decreasing osteon canal size with increased osteon size (negative allometry). Evidence of this metabolic/mechanical dichotomy between ribs and limb bones was sought by examining relationships between Haversian canal surface area (BS, osteon Haversian canal perimeter, HC.Pm) and bone volume (BV, osteonal wall area, B.Ar) in a broad size range of mature (quiescent) osteons from adult human limb bones and ribs (modern and medieval) and various adult and subadult non-human limb bones and ribs. Reduced major axis (RMA) and least-squares (LS) regressions of HC.Pm/B.Ar data show that rib and limb osteons cannot be distinguished by dimensional allometry of these parameters. Although four of the five rib groups showed positive allometry in terms of the RMA slopes, nearly 50% of the adult limb bone groups also showed positive allometry when negative allometry was expected. Consequently, our results fail to provide clear evidence that BS/BV scaling reflects a rib versus limb bone dichotomy whereby calcium exchange might be preferentially enhanced in rib osteons.

show abstract

Use of backscattered scanning electron microscopy to quantify the bone tissues of mid‐thoracic human ribs

Beresheim

Pfeiffer

Grynpas

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: Novel information on apartheid health conditions may be obtained through the study of recent skeletal collections. Using a backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM) approach, this study aims to produce bone quality and tissue mineralization data for an understudied South African population from the Western Cape province.Methods: Using BSE-SEM imaging, cortical porosity (Ct.Po), osteocyte lacunar density (Ot.Lc. Dn), and the degree of tissue mineralization were quantified in mid-thoracic ribs from the Kirsten Skeletal Collection. Individuals ( n female = 75, n male = 68, and mean age = 46.3 years)were predominantly from the South Africa Colored (SAC) population group ( n SAC = 103, 72%).Full cross-sectional images of each rib were manually stitched together in Adobe Photoshop.Photomontages were imported into MATALB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) for image processing and analysis. Age-related changes in histomorphometric parameters and sex differences were examined using correlation analysis, as well as linear and nonlinear regressions.Results: Young adult men have significantly less mineralized bone and fewer osteocyte lacunae, compared to women. Only men demonstrate a significant negative relationship between Ot.Lc.Dn and age. Average tissue mineralization decreases with age in women, while Ct.Po increases.Pore area (Po.Ar) does not vary with age, but pore density (Po.Dn) is highest in the perimenopause, when accelerated rates of bone turnover are first anticipated. Ct.Po is highest in the years following the predicted age of menopause, but levels off in the final decades of life.Conclusions: Men and women display disparate patterns of bone aging. Systemic disenfranchisement of non-white population groups affected bone health in South Africa, and may continue to do so today. Indicators of poor bone quality are evident in the full study sample, indicating that osteoporosis and fracture risk are not just of concern to the aged white female population. K E Y W O R D Sbone histomorphometry, BSE-SEM, osteoporosis, South African apartheid

show abstract

Biological constraints that limit compensation of a common skeletal trait variant lead to inequivalence of tibial function among healthy young adults

Cited by 52 publications

References 57 publications

Women Build Long Bones With Less Cortical Mass Relative to Body Size and Bone Size Compared With Men

Women Build Long Bones With Less Cortical Mass Relative to Body Size and Bone Size Compared With Men

Scaling of Haversian canal surface area to secondary osteon bone volume in ribs and limb bones

Use of backscattered scanning electron microscopy to quantify the bone tissues of mid‐thoracic human ribs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About