Biological, chemical and physical drinking water quality from shallow wells in Malawi: Case study of Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Mulanje

Pritchard, Martin; Mkandawire, Theresa; O'Neill, Jay

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.013

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Nevertheless, it is recognised that water derived from borehole sources in rural Malawi is undoubtedly superior in quality to other protected (e.g. capped wells) and unprotected (shallow wells, rivers) drinking-water sources (Palamuleni, 2002;Pritchard et al, 2007;Mkandawire and Banda, 2010).…”

Section: Iron Manganese and Zinc Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 2: Classification of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Grimason¹,

Beattie²,

Masangwi³

et al. 2013

WSA

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This paper compares data gathered from a study of the chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking-water from 28 rural borehole supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi, with a tiered classification scheme (Class 0 being ideal through to Class III being unsuitable for drinking without prior treatment) developed by investigators from the Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. In general, the majority of borehole water supplies were classified as Class 0 or Class I supplies based upon the chemical analysis and bacteriological examination. However the classification of a borehole water supply was variable and depended upon the parameter, date of sampling and whether or not it was based on the mean or individual concentration. A number of boreholes were classified as II or III as they contained elevated levels of fluoride and nitrate suggesting that consumption over short or prolonged periods of time may lead to adverse or serious health effects, such as skeletal fluorosis in adults and methaemoglobinaemia in infants. Research is required to develop practicable, affordable and sustainable methods to enable villagers to treat Class II/III water supplies and improve the quality of their drinking-water to a class suitable for human consumption.

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Section: Iron Manganese and Zinc Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 2: Classification of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Grimason¹,

Beattie²,

Masangwi³

et al. 2013

WSA

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“…This underscores the importance of improving and sustaining supplies of safe water, adequate sanitation, and planned and controlled settlements in urban areas. It was reported that 100% of shallow wells in Malawi were contaminated with fecal matter, particularly in the rainy season [13]. Introduction of community-led total sanitation (CLTS), an innovative participatory approach for mobilizing communities to completely eliminate open defecation, could improve sanitation coverage and use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998-2012: social and cultural challenges in prevention and control

Msyamboza

Kagoli

M’bang’ombe

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Cholera still remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, although comprehensive surveillance data to inform policy and strategies are scarce. Methodology: A desk review of the national cholera database and zonal and districts reports was conducted. Interviews were conducted with district health management teams, health workers, and participants in communities in six districts affected by cholera in 2011/2012 to obtain data on water, sanitation, and sociocultural issues. Results: From 1998 to 2012, cholera outbreaks occurred every year in Malawi, with the highest number of cases and deaths reported in 2001/2002 (33,546 cases, 968 deaths; case fatality rate [CFR] 2.3%). In 2011/2012, cholera outbreak was widespread in the southern region, affecting 10 out of 13 districts, where 1,806 cases and 38 deaths (CFR 2.1%) were reported. Unsafe water sources, lack of maintenance of broken boreholes, frequent breakdown of piped water supply, low coverage of pit latrines (range 40%-60%), lack of hand washing facilities (< 5%), salty borehole water, fishermen staying on Lake Chilwa, cross-border Malawi-Mozambique disease spread, and sociocultural issues were some of the causes of the persistent cholera outbreaks in Malawi. Conclusions: Despite improvements in safe drinking water and sanitation, cholera is still a major public health problem. Introduction of a community-led total sanitation approach, use of social and cultural information in community mobilization strategies, and introduction of an oral cholera vaccine could help to eliminate cholera in Malawi.

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“…However, the average TDS removal efficiency was limited to 37%. Conversion of NO 3 into diatomic molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) is probably the key reason behind TDS concentration decrement, which also decreases wastewater EC [49]. Similarly, many studies have verified the connection of TDS with wastewater EC [47].…”

Section: Tds Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average turbidity removal efficiency of 46% was achieved by the system while possessing the maximum of 57% after 100 days of operation. Such behavior of turbidity removal by the MCTF-WWT system is due to the degradation of compounds in WW by microorganisms attached to maize cob filter media [49][50]. It has been observed that turbidity removal efficiency is associated with COD concentration, and decreases with the decrease in COD concentration and vice versa [47].…”

Section: Turbidity Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on Maize Cob Trickling Filter-Based Wastewater Treatment System: Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation

Ali¹,

Khan²,

Sultan³

et al. 2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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In developing countries, good-quality water is contaminated due to the disposal of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater (WW) into natural water reservoirs. Most of the wastewater is not treated properly according to international standards, and usually is disposed of and/or utilized for irrigation without appropriate treatment. The main hurdles in providing wastewater treatment (WWT) in developing countries include high costs, and the poor design, installation, and operation of conventional WWT systems. Therefore, the present study explores the maize cobs trickling filter-based (MCTF) low-cost WWT option for developing countries like Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In this regard, indigenous media trickling filter was designed and developed using maize cobs as packing material for biofilm growth. The MCTF-WWT system was continually operated and monitored for six months at constant hydraulic wastewater loading of about 113±2 m 3 per m 2 per day. The experimental data covers winter and summer seasons with temperature variations from 23ºC to 43ºC. System performance was evaluated by means of various WWT parameters, including biological and chemical oxygen demands (BOD 5 and COD), total suspended and dissolved solids (TSS and TDS), turbidity, and color -before and after WWT. Experimental results showed that the MCTF-WWT system successfully removed about 79% BOD and 75% COD on average. The key reason for effective BOD and COD removal was rapid development of microbial film (within the first two

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Biological, chemical and physical drinking water quality from shallow wells in Malawi: Case study of Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Mulanje

Cited by 72 publications

References 2 publications

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 2: Classification of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 2: Classification of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998-2012: social and cultural challenges in prevention and control

Experimental Study on Maize Cob Trickling Filter-Based Wastewater Treatment System: Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation

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