Biological Characterization and Next-Generation Genome Sequencing of the Unclassified Cotia Virus SPAn232 (Poxviridae)

Afonso, Priscila P.; Silva, Patrícia M.; Schnellrath, Laila C.; Jesus, Desyreé Murta; Hu, Jianhong; Yang, Yong; Renne, Rolf; Attias, Márcia; Condit, Richard C.; Moussatché, Nissin; Damaso, Clarissa R.

doi:10.1128/jvi.07162-11

Cited by 30 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Although there was initially some controversy over the classification of COTV, a comprehensive study of the fully sequenced genome including a phylogenetic analysis along with an examination of replication kinetics in different cell lines has indicated that COTV represents a distinct lineage with a well-supported separation from orthopoxviruses (Afonso et al, 2012). The COTV genome encodes all 90 core genes conserved across chordopoxviruses, which show the highest identity with clade II poxviruses, whereas some of its immunomodulatory genes share a greater identity with orthopoxvirus genes (Afonso et al, 2012), which is indicative of recombination events. A cell culture adapted COTV was able to infect cells from African green monkey (BSC-40, Vero), rat (C6), rabbit (RK-13), mouse (L929), human (Hep-2), and chicken (CEF) cells with the highest titers being produced in BSC-40 and C6 cells (Afonso et al, 2012).…”

Section: Cotia Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The COTV genome encodes all 90 core genes conserved across chordopoxviruses, which show the highest identity with clade II poxviruses, whereas some of its immunomodulatory genes share a greater identity with orthopoxvirus genes (Afonso et al, 2012), which is indicative of recombination events. A cell culture adapted COTV was able to infect cells from African green monkey (BSC-40, Vero), rat (C6), rabbit (RK-13), mouse (L929), human (Hep-2), and chicken (CEF) cells with the highest titers being produced in BSC-40 and C6 cells (Afonso et al, 2012). Interestingly, in this same study, COTV was unable to replicate in another rat cell line (Rat-2), which is normally permissive to VACV.…”

Section: Cotia Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Haller¹,

Chen²,

McFadden³

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

240

257

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Poxviruses as a group can infect a large number of animals. However, at the level of individual viruses, even closely related poxviruses display highly diverse host ranges and virulence. For example, variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is human-specific and highly virulent only to humans, whereas related cowpox viruses naturally infect a broad spectrum of animals and only cause relatively mild disease in humans. The successful replication of poxviruses depends on their effective manipulation of the host antiviral responses, at the cellular-, tissue- and species-specific levels, which constitutes a molecular basis for differences in poxvirus host range and virulence. A number of poxvirus genes have been identified that possess host range function in experimental settings, and many of these host range genes target specific antiviral host pathways. Herein, we review the biology of poxviruses with a focus on host range, zoonotic infections, virulence, genomics and host range genes as well as the current knowledge about the function of poxvirus host range factors and how their interaction with the host innate immune system contributes to poxvirus host range and virulence. We further discuss the evolution of host range and virulence in poxviruses as well as host switches and potential poxvirus threats for human and animal health.

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Section: Cotia Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cotia Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Haller¹,

Chen²,

McFadden³

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

240

257

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…BSC-40 cells were seeded on 13-mm round glass coverslips and were either mock infected or infected with clones B141, B388, or VACV-WR at an MOI of 10 for 14 h. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde-PBS and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 (23). Virus particles were stained with anti-D8 antibody (kindly provided by Geoffrey Smith), followed by incubation with Alexa 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serial dilutions of VACV-IOC crude stock were inoculated onto BSC-40 cells incubated under semisolid medium. Isolated viral plaques were selected and two viral clones (B141 and B388) were obtained after two additional rounds of plaque purification (23). VACV strains WR, ACAM2000, and IOC (original stock and clones) were propagated and titrated by plaque assay in BSC-40 cells, as described previously (17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Analysis, Phenotype, and Virulence of the Historical Brazilian Smallpox Vaccine Strain IOC: Implications for the Origins and Evolutionary Relationships of Vaccinia Virus

Medaglia

Moussatché

Nitsche

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 after an intensive vaccination program using different strains of vaccinia virus (VACV; Poxviridae). VACV strain IOC (VACV-IOC) was the seed strain of the smallpox vaccine manufactured by the major vaccine producer in Brazil during the smallpox eradication program. However, little is known about the biological and immunological features as well as the phylogenetic relationships of this first-generation vaccine. In this work, we present a comprehensive characterization of two clones of VACV-IOC. Both clones had low virulence in infected mice and induced a protective immune response against a lethal infection comparable to the response of the licensed vaccine ACAM2000 and the parental strain VACV-IOC. Full-genome sequencing revealed the presence of several fragmented virulence genes that probably are nonfunctional, e.g., F1L, B13R, C10L, K3L, and C3L. Most notably, phylogenetic inference supported by the structural analysis of the genome ends provides evidence of a novel, independent cluster in VACV phylogeny formed by VACV-IOC, the Brazilian field strains Cantagalo (CTGV) and Serro 2 viruses, and horsepox virus, a VACV-like virus supposedly related to an ancestor of the VACV lineage. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that CTGV-like viruses represent feral VACV that evolved in parallel with VACV-IOC after splitting from a most recent common ancestor, probably an ancient smallpox vaccine strain related to horsepox virus. Our data, together with an interesting historical investigation, revisit the origins of VACV and propose new evolutionary relationships between ancient and extant VACV strains, mainly horsepox virus, VACV-IOC/CTGV-like viruses, and Dryvax strain. IMPORTANCEFirst-generation vaccines used to eradicate smallpox had rates of adverse effects that are not acceptable by current health care standards. Moreover, these vaccines are genetically heterogeneous and consist of a pool of quasispecies of VACV. Therefore, the search for new-generation smallpox vaccines that combine low pathogenicity, immune protection, and genetic homogeneity is extremely important. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships and origins of VACV strains are quite nebulous. We show the characterization of two clones of VACV-IOC, a unique smallpox vaccine strain that contributed to smallpox eradication in Brazil. The immunogenicity and reduced virulence make the IOC clones good options for alternative second-generation smallpox vaccines. More importantly, this study reveals the phylogenetic relationship between VACV-IOC, feral VACV established in nature, and the ancestor-like horsepox virus. Our data expand the discussion on the origins and evolutionary connections of VACV lineages. S mallpox, caused by variola virus (genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae), accounted for millions of deaths throughout human history. The disease was declared eradicated in 1980 after a worldwide program implemented by the WHO involving strict surveillance and intensive vaccination using vaccinia vi...

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“…All primer sets and cycling conditions used in this work are described in Table 1. Other reagents used in PCR assays were previously described Two of them, COTV and CTGV, were isolated in Brazil (Damaso et al, 2000;Afonso et al, 2012). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-step duplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection of swinepox and vaccinia viruses in skin lesions of swine with poxvirus-related disease

Medaglia

Sá

Corrêa

et al. 2015

Journal of Virological Methods

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Infection of pigs with swinepox virus (SWPV) was reported in Brazil in 2011. SWPV causes a systemic pustular disease in pigs and the symptoms are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. Pigs infected with VACV have been reported in various countries; however, VACV is endemic in Brazil, India and other countries, where it affects mainly dairy cows, dairy buffaloes and dairy workers causing localized pustules. The transmission of VACV to other susceptible hosts has also been detected in Brazil. Therefore, VACV should be investigated as a possible etiologic agent of pustular skin disorders in pigs. This work describes the development of a one-step duplex assay to detect swinepox and vaccinia viruses simultaneously in skin lesions of pigs with generalized pustular disease. The investigation of VACV infection in pigs is important in countries where this zoonosis is endemic and should be differentiated from SWPV infection.

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Biological Characterization and Next-Generation Genome Sequencing of the Unclassified Cotia Virus SPAn232 (Poxviridae)

Cited by 30 publications

References 72 publications

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Genomic Analysis, Phenotype, and Virulence of the Historical Brazilian Smallpox Vaccine Strain IOC: Implications for the Origins and Evolutionary Relationships of Vaccinia Virus

One-step duplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection of swinepox and vaccinia viruses in skin lesions of swine with poxvirus-related disease

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