“…In apple orchards in Brazil during winter, GM larvae are in diapause (Hickel et al, 2003) or continue their development while feeding on burrknots (Silva et al, 2014;Bisognin et al, 2012). These are undifferentiated structures that contain cyanogenic glycosides, which are toxic to insects at high concentrations (Zagrobelny et al, 2004), causing symptoms associated with larval tissue deterioration (LTD) (Silva et al, 2014). This type of food influences the biology of GM in relation to fruits (Silva et al, 2014;Bisognin et al, 2012) but allows the perpetuation of the species in winter, when no other preferred sources of food, such as new shoots and fruits, are available.…”