Biological Calcification

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-36013-1

Cited by 1 publication

(6 citation statements)

References 748 publications

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“…On the other hand, in the lateral side, the averaged cell size became marked increased, and the difference in the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes was higher only at P6 (Figure F). These data are in accordance with previous reports showing that chondrocyte hypertrophy is an important step preceding bone mineral formation, similar to the steps observed in the growth plate, despite the fact that chondrocytes were not arranged in cellular columns. − …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Of note, ultrastructural analysis of mouse calvaria, in which the mineralization process is based solely on the activity of osteoblasts, revealed the presence of matrix vesicles near collagen fibrils (Figure S6), as reported previously, ,, and enabled a clear differentiation of the initial mineralization process between the intramembranous ossification in calvaria and endochondral ossification in the secondary ossification center.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…22 On the other hand, amorphous calcium phosphate has been shown to transform into octacalcium phosphate (OCP) or into the thermodynamically more stable HAp, depending on factors such as pH, calcium, and phosphate ion concentration. 10,23 Nevertheless, since the presence of OCP was not detected in the diffraction patterning, initial amorphous calcium phosphate would be a precursor phase and directly transform into the thermodynamically stable HAp through the phase transition, as demonstrated in previous reports. 20,24 Cell membrane is mainly composed of a long natural carbon chain of phospholipids, containing numerous membranous proteins.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Upon calcium influx into MVs, which is hypothesized to be through the ability of annexin-V to bind to calcium, initial crystal deposition occur inside the MVs and subsequently, the crystals grow and expand beyond the MVs limit throughout the extracellular matrix (ECM). 10,15,16 In this study, we focused on the secondary ossification of mouse femur epiphysis, which initiates during the first postnatal week, because it allows the observation of the dynamic changes in organic and inorganic material in a time-and stage-specific manner. On the basis of the histological analysis, we found that initial mineral formation in the medial side of femur epiphysis until P6 occurred in the absence of osteoblasts.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A major concept on bone formation addresses that hypertrophic chondrocytes or osteoblasts secrete matrix vesicles (MVs), which are enriched in pyrophosphatase and tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Upon calcium influx into MVs, which is hypothesized to be through the ability of annexin-V to bind to calcium, initial crystal deposition occur inside the MVs and subsequently, the crystals grow and expand beyond the MVs limit throughout the extracellular matrix (ECM). ,, …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Bioinspired Mineralization Using Chondrocyte Membrane Nanofragments

Hara¹,

Okada²,

Nagaoka³

et al. 2018

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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Biomineralization involves complex processes and interactions between organic and inorganic matters, which are controlled in part by the cells. The objectives of this study were, first, to perform a systematic and ultrastructural investigation of the initial mineral formation during secondary ossification center of mouse femur based on material science and biology viewpoint, and then develop novel biomaterials for mineralization based on the in vivo findings. First, we identified the very initial mineral deposition at postnatal day 5 (P5) at the medial side of femur epiphysis by nanocomputed tomography. Initial minerals were found in the surroundings of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Interestingly, histological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that initial mineralization until P6 was based on chondrocyte activity only, i.e., it occurred in the absence of osteoblasts. Moreover, electron microscopy-based ultrastructural analysis showed that cell-secreted matrix vesicles were absent in the early steps of osteoblast-independent endochondral ossification. Instead, chondrocyte membrane nanofragments were found in the fibrous matrix surrounding the hypertrophic chondrocytes. EDS analysis and electron diffraction study indicated that cell membrane nanofragments were not mineralized material, and could be the nucleation site for the newly formed calcospherites. The phospholipids in the cell membrane nanofragments could be a source of phosphate for subsequent calcium phosphate formation, which initially was amorphous, and later transformed into apatite crystals. Finally, artificial cell nanofragments were synthesized from ATDC5 chondrogenic cells, and in vitro assays showed that these nanofragments could promote mineral formation. Taken together, these results indicated that cell membrane nanofragments were the nucleation site for mineral formation, and could potentially be used as material for manipulation of biomineralization.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%