Biological Approach for Recycling Waste Water in Iraq

Abstract

The middle and southern parts of Iraq are exposed to a series of serious drought-related problems. This is mainly linked to the absence of applied international law for water distribution in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers between Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, in addition to climate change and unawareness of the water resource problems for more than three decades. The Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit of the United Nations reported that water in the Tigris and Euphrates will decrease by up to 80% and 50%, respectively, by 2025. Therefore, water recycling would be an essential and inevitable sustainable approach under these circumstances. The biological treatment of sewage, industrial waste water, scientific laboratories effluent, and irrigation waters using compact units is described here to be involved in solving the water shortage in Iraq. The main indicators used to assess the efficiency of these units are chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total solved salts (TSS), and total fecal coliforms (TFC). These units have been approved to treat contaminated waters with 10-fold pollutants in a fifth of the time required as compared to other classical procedures. In conclusion, using these treatment units will be useful in tackling the problem of water shortage in Iraq and could potentially be the best control method to stop the spread of infectious diseases obtained from contaminated waters.

Soil erosion processes in subtropical plantations (Diospyros kaki) managed under flood irrigation in Eastern Spain

“…Here, the Radial Basis Functions with the Multiquadric function was used as an interpolator since it yielded the lowest rootmean-square error (RMSE) value (1066) in comparison to cokriging, empirical, Bayesian kriging, local polynomial interpolation and inverse distance weighting methods. The volumes of soil mobilized were quantified by means of an imaginary polygon that was delimited as the distance between the botanical marks and the points measured within the inter-row areas (Quiquerez et al, 2008;2014).…”

“…However, it is necessary to update the methods used to assess soil erosion processes and rates. It is also necessary to improve the management of agricultural lands (Al-Mossawi, 2014, Hasan et al, 2019. Nevertheless, there is a clear lack of information on the long-term soil redistribution in flood irrigated lands as most of the research is on short-term experiments (McElroy et al, 2018;Zuecco et al, 2018).…”

Effect of Wheat Straw as a Cover Crop on the Chlorophyll, Seed, and Oilseed Yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under Water Deficiency and Weed Competition

“…To determine irrigation dates and quantities, moisture was measured by the weight method of soil depths before each instance of irrigation to determine the date of irrigation for each treatment. Controlling the amount and quality of water used for this experiment was considered as a priority because of the serious-related droughts and pollutants close to the urban areas in this arid territory [63,64].…”

Surface Area Evaluation of Mosul Dom Lake Using Satellite Imagery Technique

“…In the second half of the last century,water resource in Iraq such as Mosul Dam Lake (MDL) suffered from a lot of damage and threats that drove to a incline in water supplies (Al-Mossawi, 2020).…”