Biological and neurological activities of astaxanthin (Review)

Abstract

Astaxanthin is a lipid-soluble carotenoid produced by various microorganisms and marine animals, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, microalgae, shrimps and lobsters. Astaxanthin has antioxidant, anti-inf lammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. These characteristics suggest that astaxanthin has health benefits and protects against various diseases. Owing to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, astaxanthin has received attention for its protective effects against neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, cognitive impairment and neuropathic pain. Previous studies on the neurological effects of astaxanthin are mostly based on animal models and cellular experiments. Thus, the biological effects of astaxanthin on humans and its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. The present review summarizes the neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin, explores its mechanisms of action and draws attention to its potential clinical implications as a therapeutic agent. Contents1. Introduction 2. Biological activities 3. Neuroprotective activities of astaxanthin 4. Conclusion PAN SI 1 and CHENKAI ZHU 2

O Pentáculo Do Bem Estar Como Instrumento De Avaliação Do Modo De Vida Na Atenção Primária a Saúde

“…Pode ser extraída de microrganismos e crustáceos (como camarões, lagostas, asteroides, algas, entre outros). Vale ressaltar que a microalga denominada Haematococcus pluvialis é a maior produtora de astaxantina natural, mas também, pode ser sintetizada na natureza por outras microalgas e fitoplâncton, acumulando-se nos zooplânctons e crustáceos, que se alimentam destas (SI et al, 2022). Comercialmente, a astaxantina tem sido utilizada principalmente na indústria de rações, e aquicultura, uma vez que tem sido um componente necessário da alimentação de peixes ornamentais, entretanto, também possui influência na indústria alimentícia de seres humanos, sendo utilizada beneficamente no pigmento da gema, assim como na pele das carcaças de frango (STACHOWIAK et al, 2021).…”

Fabrication of astaxanthin‐loaded nanoparticles and their neuroprotective effects on C6 cell lines

“…vitamin E, green tea catechins, Co-Q 10, and resveratrol, respectively, as well as 6000 times more than vitamin C. 5 Previous researches show that astaxanthin exhibited many excellent benefits, including preventing cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders, improving heart health, and keeping bones strong. [6][7][8] Among them, astaxanthin has attracted great interest due to its potential to help control and prevent neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, neuropathic pain, cognitive decline, and cerebral ischemia. 9 Although astaxanthin possesses a high pharmacological potential, its use as a nutraceutical in drugs, dietary supplements, and other commercial products is enormously restricted by the reason of its extremely poor solubility in water and low oral bioavailability.…”

“…Its potent antioxidant capacity is 110, 560, 800, and 3000 times higher than vitamin E, green tea catechins, Co‐Q 10, and resveratrol, respectively, as well as 6000 times more than vitamin C 5 . Previous researches show that astaxanthin exhibited many excellent benefits, including preventing cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders, improving heart health, and keeping bones strong 6–8 . Among them, astaxanthin has attracted great interest due to its potential to help control and prevent neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, neuropathic pain, cognitive decline, and cerebral ischemia 9 …”

Astaxanthin alleviates ganglioside metabolism disorder in the cortex of Alzheimer's disease mice

“…18 Astaxanthin (AST) is the primary carotenoid in marine organisms, showing high bio-activities and antioxidant, 19 anti-inflammatory, 20 and neuroprotective properties. 21 Owing to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, AST has received attention for its protective effects against neurological disorders, including AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, cognitive impairment, and neuropathic pain. 21 AST is commonly found in shrimp, crab, salmon, and algae.…”

“…21 Owing to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, AST has received attention for its protective effects against neurological disorders, including AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, cognitive impairment, and neuropathic pain. 21 AST is commonly found in shrimp, crab, salmon, and algae. Notably, AST esters were shown to have better bioavailability than free AST (F-AST).…”