Biological and Chemical Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Stachybotrys levispora and Its Secondary Metabolite Griseofulvin

Abstract

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is responsible for the white mold of soybeans, and the difficulty to control the disease in Brazil is causing million-dollar damages. Stachybotrys levispora has shown activity against S. sclerotiorum. In our present investigation, we analyzed the chemical basis of this inhibition. Eight compounds were isolated, and using spectroscopic methods, we identified their structures as the known substances 7-dechlorogriseofulvin, 7-dechlorodehydrogriseofulvin, griseofulvin, dehydrogriseofulvin, 3,13-dihydroxy-5,9,11-trimethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone, griseophenone A, 13-hydroxy-3,5,9,11-tetramethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone, and 12-chloro-13-hydroxy-3,5,9,11-tetramethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone. Griseofulvin inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum at 2 μg mL. Thus, the antagonistic effect of S. levispora to S. sclerotiorum may well be due to the presence of griseofulvins. Our results stimulate new work on the biosynthesis of griseofulvins, to locate genes that encode key enzymes in these routes and use them to increase the production of these compounds and thus potentiate the fungicide effect of this fungus. S. levispora represents an agent for biocontrol, and griseofulvin represents a fungicide to S. sclerotiorum.

Impacts of the Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 on the Banana Holobiont: Alteration of Root Microbial Co-occurrence Networks and Effect on Host Defense Responses

“…The relative abundance of ASV08, classified within the genus Stachybotrys , was significantly higher in GNF7 compared to the GNC plants at 56 DAI. Despite the fact that several species of this genus cause highly toxic mold to humans ( Castlebury et al, 2004 ), Stachytbotrys elegans can be used as BCA since they act as mycoparasites of plant–pathogenic fungi like Rhizoctonia solani ( Chamoun and Jabaji, 2011 ; Chamoun et al, 2013 ) and Stachybotrys levispora ( Ribeiro et al, 2018 ). This information could be relevant, although these differences were only observed in one of the studied time-points (7 DAI for bacteria and 56 DAI for fungi), and further studies would be necessary to identify the precise species of Opitutus and Stachybotrys and the role that they may play in the banana root microbial community.…”

Biocontrol effects of Penicillium griseofulvum against monkshood ( Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.) root diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsiii and Fusarium spp.

“…Griseofulvin is also reportedly capable of controlling phytopathogens such as Magnaprothe grisea , and spraying 300‐fold diluted griseofulvin onto rice leaves could inhibit the development of leaf blast and panicle blast by 89·2 and 49·2% respectively (Zhang et al ). Additionally, Ribeiro et al () showed that griseofulvin dilutions could inhibit S. sclerotiorum hyphal growth in vitro . We speculate that the growth inhibition of S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum by the CF3 filtrate may be related to how griseofulvin‐driven interference with DNA synthesis.…”

Antifungal Mechanism and Efficacy of Kojic Acid for the Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Soybean

“…Among the biocontrol strains Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91–08, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Trichoderma harzianum T-22, and Bacillus subtilis QST 713 screened for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot, the highest biocontrol efficacy was obtained when using C. minitans (68.5% disease severity inhibition; Zeng et al, 2012 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ). Similarly, Clonostachys rosea , Stachybotrys levispora , Trichoderma asperelloides , and Sporidesmiun sclerotivorum have also been evaluated for the management of S. sclerotiorum in soybean, and in this case, S. sclerotivorum reduced Sclerotinia stem rot by 56–100% in commercial fields ( Del Rio et al, 2002 ; Rodriguez et al, 2011 ; Ribeiro et al, 2018 ; Sumida et al, 2018 ). Wang et al (2019) discovered two mycoviruses in S. sclerotiorum SZ-150, while Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VB7 was reported to inhibit S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth by 45% and sclerotial production by 100% ( Vinodkumar et al, 2017 ).…”