Biological and behavioral correlates of body weight status among rural Northeast Brazilian schoolchildren

Santos

et al. 2019

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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Background: Birthweight (BW) has been associated with anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness during growth and development of children. However, less is known about the mediation effect of those variables on the relationship between BW and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in children. Objective: To analyse the mediation effect of anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness on the association between BW and BMR in children. Methods: In total, 499 children (254 boys, 245 girls) aged 7–10 years were included. Anthropometry (weight, height, head, waist and hip circumferences), body composition (skinfolds thickness, body fat percentage), physical fitness (handgrip strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular explosive power, agility, running speed) and BMR were evaluated. The analyses were conducted by: single-mediator analysis (SMA) and multi-mediator analysis (MMA). Results: The SMA indicates height, head, waist and hip circumferences and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for boys and height, hip circumference and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for girls. In MMA for girls, there were significant indirect effects for height, hip circumference and handgrip strength, with 79.08% of percent mediation. For boys, the head and waist circumferences mediation had a significant indirect effect, with 83.37% of percent mediation. Conclusion: The anthropometric variables associated with BW were body height, head, hip and waist circumferences for boys and body height and hip circumference for girls. The current study provides new evidence that height and handgrip strength during childhood mediated the relationship between BW and BMR.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Anthropometry and Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mediation effect of anthropometry and physical fitness on the relationship between birthweight and basal metabolic rate in children

Santos

et al. 2019

J Dev Orig Health Dis

Self Cite

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

“…Regarding the stratification of the analysis according to sex, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in boys than girls. Some studies have shown boys likely to be obese than girls 3,21,23,49,53,57,60,64,68 . These differences can be attributed to the different lifestyles adopted by them, in which boys has spending much time in a sedentary behavior, such as watching television and play videogames, as well as access to unhealthy foods 74 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of weight excess in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review

Simões

Lopes

Remor

et al. 2018

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide, no mattering age groups and socioeconomic status. In Brazil, it is still unclear the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents, since most Brazilian studies have only verified regional prevalence of obesity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the scientific production regarding the prevalence of weight excess in Brazilian children and adolescents. A search in the relevant electronic databases Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo and BVS was performed. After analyzing 61 studies, the overall prevalence was 25.5%.When sample was stratified weight excess degree, a prevalence of17% and 11.6% for overweight and obesity were observed, respectively. Analyzing differences by sex, boys presented higher prevalence of overall weight excess (e.g., 26.4% vs 23.5%), overweight (17% vs 16%) and obesity (11.9% vs 9.1%) than girls. With respect to Brazilian regions and its differences, individuals from southern presented the highest prevalence of overall weight excess (33.2%) and overweight (20.1%). The southeastern region showed the highest prevalence of obesity (18.2%).The results obtained in the current study indicate that Brazil presents a scenario of crescent increasing on the prevalence of weight excess. These results are in accordance with studies from other countries,and reinforce the increase of the overall weight excess prevalence in Brazilian children and adolescents, highlighting the increasing of obesity rates, since it is a more concerning condition than overweight. Therefore, preventive measures to reduce weight excess increase, as well as treatment programs aiming to tackle obesity in childhood should be public health system top priority.

“…2 To the fetus, compromised supply of nutrients affects organogenesis, growth, and neural development resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and newborns with low birth weight, two conditions predisposing to development of metabolic disease, neural disturbancies, and behavioral disturbancies. [3][4][5] In the central nervous system (CNS), the existence of a close relationship between the maternal nutritional status, brain development, and cognitive functions has been proposed. 6 The maternal phenotype, or "maternal capital", is the primary influence on early nutrition and developmental trajectory of offspring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of maternal low-protein diet and spontaneous physical activity on the transcription of neurotrophic factors in the placenta and the brains of mothers and offspring rats

Fragoso

Santos

Silva

et al. 2020

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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Maternal protein restriction and physical activity can affect the interaction mother–placenta–fetus. This study quantified the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurothrophin 4, tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB/NTRK2), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1r) in the different areas of mother’s brain (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex), placenta, and fetus’ brain of rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 20) were housed in cages containing a running wheel for 4 weeks before gestation. According to the distance spontaneously traveled daily, rats were classified as inactive or active. During gestation, on continued access to the running wheel, active and inactive groups were randomized to receive normoprotein diet (18% protein) or a low-protein (LP) diet (8% protein). At day 20 of gestation, gene expression of neurotrophic factors was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in different brain areas and the placenta. Dams submitted to a LP diet during gestation showed upregulation of IGF-1r and BDNF messenger RNA in the hypothalamus, IGF-1r and NTRK2 in the hippocampus, and BDNF, NTRK2, IGF-1 and IGF-1r in the cortex. In the placenta, there was a downregulation of IGF-1. In the brain of pups from mothers on LP diet, IGF-1r and NTRK2 were downregulated. Voluntary physical activity attenuated the effects of LP diet on IGF-1r in the hypothalamus, IGF-1r and NTRK2 in the hippocampus, IGF-1 in the placenta, and NTRK2 in the fetus’ brain. In conclusion, both maternal protein restriction and spontaneous physical activity influence the gene expression of BDNF, NTRK2, IGF-1, and IGF-1r, with spontaneous physical activity being able to normalize in part the defects caused by protein restriction during pregnancy.