Biological age, testosterone, and estradiol as discriminating factors of muscle strength levels in young athletes

Almeida-Neto, Paulo Francisco de; Matos, Dihogo Gama de; Pinto, Vanessa; Oliveira, Vitória Monteiro Monte; Medeiros, Rafaela Catherine da Silva Cunha de; Jeffreys, Ian; Dantas, Paulo Moreira Silva; Aidar, Felipe José; Cabral, Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12158-9

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 32 publications

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“…Furthermore, high-performance during adolescence may not necessarily mean a higher performance at later ages [16,17]. Many factors have an impact on the performance of athletes, like the relative age effect [57], biological age, hormones [58] and so on. Further research is also needed to delve into the optimal development for adolescents that contributes to their performance in adulthood.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric Measurements, Physical Fitness Performance and Specific Throwing Strength in Adolescent Track-and-Field Throwers: Age, Sex and Sport Discipline

Zhao,

Zhao

2023

Applied Sciences

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Purpose: The aims of this study were: (1) to profile anthropometric, physical fitness, and specific throwing strength characteristics among 14–18 years boys and girls throwers; (2) to evaluate which factors vary with age, and which correlate with specific throwing strength; (3) to identify the measured variables that best predict specific throwing strength. Methods: Anthropometric, physical fitness, and specific throwing strength of 154 boys and 104 girls, who participated in track-and-field throw (Shot put, Javelin, Discus and Hammer throw) from four age categories (U15, U16, U17, U18), were measured in September 2022. The differences and correlations in parameters among different age, sex and throwing groups were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric testing. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the variables that best explain the specific throwing strength. Results: Disparities in height between boys and girls of the same age have consistently existed, however, the dissimilarity in weight tends to diminish as they grow older. Boys and girls of identical age groups exhibit noteworthy disparities in terms of speed, agility, and jumping prowess. These disparities tend to amplify as they advance in age. Significant differences were observed among boys of different ages in Height (p = 0.038), Body Mass (p = 0.02), BMI (p = 0.025), sit and reach test (p = 0.035), standing long jump (p = 0.012), standing triple jump (p < 0.01), forward overhead medicine ball throw (p = 0.002) and the hexagon agility test (p < 0.01). No differences were found in anthropometric measurements among girls, but differences were found in the hexagon agility test (p = 0.017) and plank test (p = 0.041). Specific throwing strength exhibits variations due to differences in events, age, and gender. Additionally, physical fitness performance, especially lower limb power, linear sprint speed, forward overhead medicine ball throw and backward overhead shot throw, have a high correlation with specific throwing strength. Conclusions: These findings broaden the existing knowledge base for coaches and practitioners, enabling them to discern the distinctive attributes of track and field throwers and capture the crucial physical markers that are pivotal for nurturing the progression of track-and-field throwers. The study suggests that throwers aged 14 to 18 should strive to comprehensively cultivate their athletic abilities.

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