Biological Activities of Limonoids, Catechins, Procyanidins and Extracts from<i>Xylocarpus granatum</i>

Wangensteen, Helle; Duong, Gia M.; Alamgir, Mahiuddin; Sarder, M.M.; Samuelsen, Anne Berit; Malterud, Karl Egil

doi:10.1177/1934578x0600101113

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…Bark : Flavonoids : catechin, epicatechin [197]; Proanthocyanidins : procyanidin B1 (epicatechin (4β → 8) catechin), procyanidin trimer and pentamer (composed of catechin as the starter and epicatechin as the extender units) [197,198]; Triterpenoids : gedunin, xyloccensins L–V, 6-dehydroxyxylocarpin D (limonoids) [197,198,199,200,201,202,203]; Condensed tannins : [72,86,160]. The bark is stated to contain more than 20% tannins [86].…”

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proanthocyanidins : procyanidin B1 (epicatechin (4β → 8) catechin), procyanidin trimer and pentamer (composed of catechin as the starter and epicatechin as the extender units) [197,198];…”

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Triterpenoids : gedunin, xyloccensins L–V, 6-dehydroxyxylocarpin D (limonoids) [197,198,199,200,201,202,203];…”

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methanol extract from X. granatum bark showed antibacterial action against Kocuria rhizophilia , S. aureus , B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa in the disc-diffusion assay [198]. Growth of E. coli and C. albicans was not affected.…”

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-4,4-dimethyl-4-butyrolactone showed fungicidal activity towards powdery mildew [205]. Xyloccensin I, J, O and P were found to have no antimicrobial effects [190,198], and hexane leaf extracts and and methanol stem extracts of X. granatum were found inactive or nearly inactive towards a series of fish pathogenic bacteria [238]. …”

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Scientific Evidence Support Using Bangladeshi Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diarrhoea? A Review on Seven Plants

et al. 2013

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Diarrhoea is a common disease which causes pain and may be deadly, especially in developing countries. In Bangladesh, diarrhoeal diseases affect thousands of people every year, and children are especially vulnerable. Bacterial toxins or viral infections are the most common cause of the disease. The diarrhoea outbreaks are often associated with flood affected areas with contaminated drinking water and an increased risk of spreading the water-borne disease. Not surprisingly, plants found in the near surroundings have been taken into use by the local community as medicine to treat diarrhoeal symptoms. These plants are cheaper and more easily available than conventional medicine. Our question is: What is the level of documentation supporting the use of these plants against diarrhoea and is their consumption safe? Do any of these plants have potential for further exploration? In this review, we have choosen seven plant species that are used in the treatment of diarrhoea; Diospyros peregrina, Heritiera littoralis, Ixora coccinea, Pongamia pinnata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum, and Xylocarpus moluccensis. Appearance and geographical distribution, traditional uses, chemical composition, and biological studies related to antidiarrhoeal activity will be presented. This review reveals that there is limited scientific evidence supporting the traditional use of these plants. Most promising are the barks from D. peregrina, X. granatum and X. moluccensis which contain tannins and have shown promising results in antidiarrhoeal mice models. The leaves of P. pinnata also show potential. We suggest these plants should be exploited further as possible traditional herbal remedies against diarrhoea including studies on efficacy, optimal dosage and safety.

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Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Triterpenoids : gedunin, xyloccensins L–V, 6-dehydroxyxylocarpin D (limonoids) [197,198,199,200,201,202,203];…”

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Plants From Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Scientific Evidence Support Using Bangladeshi Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diarrhoea? A Review on Seven Plants

et al. 2013

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Bioactive triterpenoids and water-soluble melanin from Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) with immunomodulatory activity

Wold

Gerwick

Wangensteen

et al. 2020

Journal of Functional Foods

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Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig

Dey

Quispe

Hossain

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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The mangrove plants are the potential sources of foods and remedies for people living in the forests and nearby communities. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig is traditionally used to treat various diseases including diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, fever, malaria, and viral infections, among others. To summarize critically the taxonomy, ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of X. granatum, information was collected from different databases. An up-to-date search (till June 2020) was carried out with the help of various scientific web resources from databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and various patent offices (e.g., WIPO, CIPO, and USPTO) using the keywords “Xylocarpus granatum” and then paired with ethnomedicinal use and phytochemical, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies). Findings revealed that seeds, fruits, stem bark, leaf, and twigs of X. granatum exhibited a wide range of key phytochemicals including limonoids, phragmalin, limonoid-based alkaloids, mexicanolides, protolimonoids, flavonols, and lactones. The plant possessed potent antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifeedant, and neuroprotective activities. No clinical studies have been reported in the databases. Ethnomedicinal assessment indicated the application of X. granatum in various fields of medical science specially to treat various human ailments, and this was attributed to the presence of enormous alkaloids as confirmed by pharmacological studies. However, to understand the mechanism of action in-depth studies are required. In view of these findings, more research is necessary to explore and characterize the chemical compounds and toxicological aspects of this medicinal mangrove plant. Overall, it can be stated that X. granatum may be one of the hopeful medicinal herbs for the treatment of various diseases in human beings.

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Biological Activities of Limonoids, Catechins, Procyanidins and Extracts fromXylocarpus granatum

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Can Scientific Evidence Support Using Bangladeshi Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diarrhoea? A Review on Seven Plants

Can Scientific Evidence Support Using Bangladeshi Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diarrhoea? A Review on Seven Plants

Bioactive triterpenoids and water-soluble melanin from Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) with immunomodulatory activity

Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig

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