Biologic and clinical aspects of integration of different bone substitutes in oral surgery: a literature review

Custom-Made Synthetic Scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction: A Retrospective, Multicenter Clinical Study on 15 Patients

“…However, the use of this material has disadvantages: the need for an additional surgical site, the more invasive procedure, the quantitative limit of bone that can be harvested from the donor site, and the morbidity for the patient [4, 16, 30]. For this reason, different materials have been proposed as possible alternatives, such as allografts [31] and xenografts [32].…”

“…The fundamental properties that a synthetic material should possess are biocompatibility, bioresorbability, and the presence of an architecture/structure similar to that of natural bone: the internal geometry of the biomaterial is, in fact, crucial for the biological behaviour and for promoting new bone formation [16–19, 35]. The modern synthetic porous scaffolds possess a controlled, high porosity and they have a honeycomb structure with several interconnections between different pores [16–19]. This peculiar architecture has proven to be able to stimulate differentiation of mesenchymal cells into functional osteoblasts and finally to promote new bone apposition [16–19].…”

“…However, this material requires harvesting from other anatomical sites (intra- or extra-orally); in order to reduce patients' discomfort and the complications related to the harvesting procedures, several bone substitutes have been introduced, such as allografts, xenografts, and, more recently, alloplasts [15, 16]. …”

“…An ideal bone substitute should have excellent osteoconductivity: in fact, it should be capable of guiding the growth and proliferation of osteoblasts onto its surface [16, 17]. Ideally, it should be osteoinductive too: it should stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteoblastic lineage [17, 18].…”

Using the Secondary Pathway of Hemostasis in Endodontics for Fully Bone Healing: Report of Two Clinical Cases

“…The only material who gives an osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenics properties is the autologous bone [4]. However, employed this bone, means a large surgery to pull a donor from chin, mandibular oblique line and other donor sites, provoking pain, stress and delayed surgery for the patient [5]. In this way platelet rich in fibrin (PRF) is an optimal autologous biological matrix that offer growing factors to be present in a wound healing provoking a rapid bone regeneration and repair [6].…”