Bioliquids from raw waste animal fats: an alternative renewable energy source

Abstract

Three different waste animal fats (bone, chicken, and tallow) have been studied to evaluate whether they could be used as bioliquids according to the European Regulation (EC) No.1069/2009. The analyses showed that they contained an unsuitable amount of free fatty acids (FFA) and impurities content (total sediment) if compared with the standards for power generation (set by UNI 6579:2009), with the exception of tallow fat (class C, UNI/TS 11163:2018). A series of physical-chemical processes already applied at industrial scale have been considered to manage the acid value and the impurities content. The FFA esterification was carried out with methanol, comparing two acid catalysts (sulfuric acid or Amberlyst -15), followed by neutralization of the residual acidity with two different bases (ammonia solution or solid sodium carbonate monohydrate) when necessary. The final purification has been achieved by treatment with powdered activated carbon. In particular, the bone fat was studied as reference material, having the worst initial physical-chemical characteristics. The UNI/TS 11163:2018 standard would allow to classify the bioliquid from bone fat belonging to class B, while the one from chicken would require further degumming and purification processes to reduce the metals, sulfur, and phosphorus content.

Isomerization of n-C5/C6 Bioparaffins to Gasoline Components with High Octane Number

“…The simplest reaction pathway for the production of C 5 -C 7 paraffins is the special hydrocracking of natural/waste fatty acids as a by-product and/or natural/waste fatty acid esters, e.g., waste cooking oil [23] or waste lards [24] from protein processing industry [25].…”

Direct Polypropylene and Polyethylene Liquefaction in CO2 and N2 Atmospheres Using MgO Light and CaO as Catalysts

“…Liquid products (Figures 5 and 7) and semisolid products (Figures 6 and 8) ATR results presented a signal at 727 cm −1 , which is attributed to the overlapping of the CH 2 rocking vibration and the out-of-plane vibration of cis-fatty acids [27,28]. The infrared spectra also show a peak at 3009 cm −1 , attributed to -C=CH (cis double bonds, stretching) [28,29]. The C-H stretch vibrations of the methylene residues were detected at 2928 cm −1 (antisymmetric) and 2855 cm −1 (symmetric).…”

Submerged Fermentation of Animal Fat By-Products by Oleaginous Filamentous Fungi for the Production of Unsaturated Single Cell Oil

“…Category 1 and 2 ABPs are not suitable for human and animal consumption, while category 3 by-products are of lowest risk and are fit for human consumption. However, today they are not used directly for human food, but as animal feed and for commercial purposes [3][4][5].…”

“…Animal fats are widely used in animal feed, oleochemicals and soaps, energy generation, and biodiesel production [9]. Different processes have been proposed in literature for converting animal fat into high value products [4]. One of the proposed strategies is based on converting hydrophobic substrates (such as vegetable oils, volatile fatty acids, and animal fats) into valuable essential unsaturated single cell oils via fermentation by oleaginous microorganisms [3,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”