Biointensive approaches : an eco-dynamic strategy for sustainable management of soil borne plant pathogens

Abstract

Biointensive approaches : an eco-dynamic strategy for sustainable management of soil borne plant pathogensThe pathogens which survive within the soil or in the crop residues on the soil surface are called soilborne plant pathogens. The soilborne plant pathogens are considered as hidden or silent killers because mainly the cases infection initiates below the ground and it becomes very late to initiate any crop protection measures when visible symptoms or signs develop on the above ground plant parts. W ith the growing demand for higher crop production and consequent trend of accelerating cropping intensity under chemical input based intensive agricultural system, infestation of the soilborne plant pathogens are aggravating and will continue to rise in future, if effective, sustainable and ecodynamic disease management strategies are not rightly taken up. Low inherent level of resistance of crop cultivars against such diseases, existence of high level genetic variability and wide host range of the pathogens, their ability to survive in soil for a long time, imbalanced application of plant nutrients make the disease management strategies more complicated. This review paper highlights the importance of soilborne pathogens, their biology, epidemiology and recent approaches of bio-intensive disease management strategies to mitigate the biotic stresses in crop plants caused by soilborne plant pathogens with special reference to Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Tinjauan Biosorpsi Logam Berat Pb dan Cd Oleh Jamur Makro

“…Saat ini metode untuk mengatasi pencemaran akibat logam berat dapat dilakukan dengan pencegahan dan pengendalian limbah di lokasi tercemar secara biologi menggunakan mikroorganisme (Fomina & Gadd, 2014;Ahmad, 2018;Dutta & Hyder, 2019). Peran mikroorganisme yang berbeda dan unik dalam detoksifikasi lingkungan yang tercemar telah banyak diketahui, salah satunya melalui jamur makro dan jamur mikro yang disebut dengan proses mikoremediasi (Ahmad, 2018;Dutta & Hyder, 2019;Barh et al, 2019).…”

“…Selanjutnya menurut Bharath et al (2019), teknologi tersebut terbukti ekonomis dan efisien dibandingkan teknologi kimia konvensional. Mikoremediasi limbah di lingkungan dapat dilakukan dengan cara biodegradasi, biosorpsi, dan biokonversi (Kulshreshtha et al, 2014;Dutta & Hyder, 2019), teknologi mikroremidiasi juga dapat menghilangkan limbah dengan cara bioakumulasi, biopresipitasi, bioreduksi, dan bioleaching (Kurniawan & Ekowati, 2016). Sementara itu untuk mereduksi logam berat biasanya dilakukan dengan cara biosorpsi, bioakumulasi, biopresipitasi, dan bioleaching (Dixit et al, 2015;Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Li et al, 2019).…”

“…Mikoremediasi tersebut dapat dilakukan secara in situ maupun ex situ (Thomas et al, 2009;Purohit et al, 2018). Mikoremediasi in situ dilakukan langsung di lokasi tercemar, sedangkan mikoremidiasi ex situ dilakukan di tempat lain (Dutta & Hyder, 2019).…”

“…Berbagai jenis jamur sudah diaplikasikan sebagai biosorben. Jenis jamur yang dipakai untuk keperluan tersebut dapat berupa jamur mikro dalam bentuk miselium dan bersel tunggal (yeast atau khamir), ataupun jamur makro dalam bentuk tubuh buah (Bosco & Mollea, 2019;Dutta & Hyder, 2019). Beberapa jenis jamur makro yang sudah diketahui memiliki potensi sebagai agensia dalam proses mikoremediasi, di antaranya adalah Polyporus squamosus, P. Sulphureus, dan Armillaria mellea yang jenis liarnya diperoleh dari Laut Hitam Timur dan diketahui dapat mengakumulasikan logam berat seperti Hg, Pb, Cd, dan Cu (Demirbaş, 2001;Raj et al, 2011).…”

Synergistic strategies for sustainable crop protection: harnessing soil solarization and biofumigants to combat damping-off pathogens in Solanaceous vegetable crops

“…Covering wet soil with transparent polythene sheet in warmer season increases soil temperature to the extent that can kill the soil pathogens. The plastic sheet allows the solar radiation to be trapped heat inside to the upper layer of soil surface (Dutta ,2022). Several plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae such as cabbage, broccoli, kale, turnip, radish, cauli ower, rapeseed and mustards are effectively used to control soilborne pathogens and pests due to the presence of sulfur containing compound glucosinolate which is released upon hydrolysis of biologically active volatile products such as isothiocyanates (ITC).…”