Bioinspired soft nanovesicles for site‐selective cancer imaging and targeted therapies

Abstract

Cell-to-cell communication within the heterogeneous solid tumor environment plays a significant role in the uncontrolled metastasis of cancer. To inhibit the metastasis and growth of cancer cells, various chemically designed and biologically derived nanosized biomaterials have been applied for targeted cancer therapeutics applications. Over the years, bioinspired soft nanovesicles have gained tremendous attention for targeted cancer therapeutics due to their easy binding with tumor microenvironment, natural targeting ability, bioresponsive nature, better biocompatibility, high cargo capacity for multiple therapeutics agents, and long circulation time. These cell-derived nanovesicles guard their loaded cargo molecules from immune clearance and make them site-selective to cancer cells due to their natural binding and delivery abilities. Furthermore, bioinspired soft nanovesicles prevent cell-to-cell communication and secretion of cancer cell markers by delivering the therapeutics agents predominantly. Cell-derived vesicles, namely, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and so forth have been recognized as versatile carriers for therapeutic biomolecules. However, low product yield, poor reproducibility, and uncontrolled particle size distribution have remained as major challenges of these soft nanovesicles. Furthermore, the surface biomarkers and molecular contents of these vesicles change with respect to the stage of disease and types. Here in this review, we have discussed numerous examples of bioinspired soft vesicles for targeted imaging and cancer therapeutic applications with their advantages and limitations. Importance of bioengineered soft nanovesicles for localized therapies with their clinical relevance has also been addressed in this article. Overall, cell-derived nanovesicles could be considered as clinically relevant platforms for cancer therapeutics.

NIR Emissive Biomimetic Ghost Nanovesicles for Site-Selective Solid Tumor Imaging

“…In the present work, we have used Nile Red, which is speci c to the lipid layers with BNVs, but they require high numbers of dye molecules per particle (802) and a number of BNVs per cm 3 (7.90 × 10 12 ) to exhibit comparable brightness (748 MESF units) to the ICG J-aggregates in BNVs due to molar extinction coe cient (ε, 38000 cm -1 M -1 ) barriers. Cancer cell membrane ghost vesicles 42,43 (3-5 mg/mL) are prepared from breast cancer cells (5×10 5 -7×10 5 cancer cells/experiments) in hypotonic conditions treated with various buffers (ice-cold Tris-Magnesium and PBS) followed by freeze-thaw and centrifugal process (Supplementary Fig. 1A).…”

Biomimetic Ghost Nanomedicine-Based Optotheranostics for Cancer

“…Lipidic nanoparticles assist in the delivery of photoactive compounds to tumorous tissue . However, current research presents biomimetic functional materials made from bacterial outer membrane vesicles, extracellular vesicles, and cell membranes in recognition of the shortcomings of these approaches. , Because these materials can activate antitumor immunity, increase drug targeting, and evade the immune system, they have great potential for treating tumors …”

“…19 However, current research presents biomimetic functional materials made from bacterial outer membrane vesicles, extracellular vesicles, and cell membranes in recognition of the shortcomings of these approaches. 20,21 Because these materials can activate antitumor immunity, increase drug targeting, and evade the immune system, they have great potential for treating tumors. 22 Artificial bionic membranes, known as liposomes, have a high drug-loading capacity and are easily modifiable, making them promising options for drug administration.…”