“…[11][12][13][14][15] In response to these considerations, membrane technology is increasingly being incorporated into certain stages of water treatment processes. [16][17][18][19] Among the most well-known traditional methods of water desalination, such as electrodialysis, 20,21 direct and reverse osmosis, [22][23][24][25] nano-, 26,27 micro-, 28,29 ultraltration, 30,31 membrane distillation (MD) has prospects for widespread practical application due to the low operating temperature and pressure, high rejection of non-volatile components, and ability to use low-grade heat source. [32][33][34] Indeed, membrane distillation can be implemented in various congurations with different setups and designs.…”