Bioinformatics Analysis of Prognostic Significance and Immune Characteristics of CXC Chemokine Family in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Objective. To screen CXC chemokines related to the risk of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using bioinformatics and construct a CXC-based prognostic risk model to improve the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD patients. Methods. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were searched to obtain mRNA expression data and clinicopathological information of LUAD patients. CXC genes differentially expressed in LUAD were screened using the R packages. Further, risk factors significantly associated with the survival of LUAD patients were obtained by the univariate Cox proportional hazard regression, LASSO regression, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, following which a risk prediction model was constructed. The performance of the CXCL13-based model in predicting the prognosis of low-risk and high-risk effect LUAD patients was verified, and the association between the model and the degree of tumor immune cell infiltration was investigated. Results. CXCL13 was significantly highly expressed in the cancer tissues of LUAD patients. The risk of death in patients with highly expressed CXCL13 was about 1.5 times higher than in those with lowly expressed CXCL13 ( HR = 1.5153357 ). CXCL13-based risk scoring showed that the high-risk score of LUAD patients was significantly correlated with poor prognosis, but no relation between the two was found in the GEO validation sets, suggesting that this risk model may not be accurate enough. In addition, activated B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells were significantly positively correlated with the high risk of LUAD. Conclusions. Although we found that a high expression of CXCL13 was associated with a high risk of death and immune cell infiltration and activation in LUAD patients, the CXCL13-based risk model was not accurate enough for predicting the prognosis of LUAD patients.

A novel nomogram model for lung adenocarcinoma subtypes based on RNA-modification regulatory genes

“…Patients with LUAD currently have inadequate predictive signals for prognosis. Bian et al used bioinformatics to identify CXC chemokines linked to the risk of LUAD and developed a prognostic risk model based on these chemokines [ 35 ]. Cancer-Related Genes (CRGs) were used to predict OS in LUAD patients by Chen et al [ 36 ].…”

CXCL family-related classification predicts prognosis and response to immunotherapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on TCGA and GEO databases

“…The cysteine X cysteine ligand (CXCL) family is involved in recruiting immune cells and strongly influences the onset and growth of malignancies ( 3 , 4 ). For instance, CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL16 promote the development of gastric and pulmonary cancers ( 5 - 8 ). Additionally, CXCL1 is essential in the formation and spread of the initially malignant tumor microenvironment (TME) in colorectal cancer ( 9 - 11 ).…”