Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report

Bongiovanni, Tindaro; Mascherini, Gabriele; Genovesi, Federico; Pasta, Giulio; Iaia, F. Marcello; Trecroci, Athos; Ventimiglia, Marco; Alberti, Giampietro; Campa, Francesco

doi:10.3390/jfmk5040073

Cited by 33 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Most recently, some regression equations have been proposed for athletes, distinguishing the male and female population [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Similarly, new elements for a qualitative analysis in sport-specific populations have been developed [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Therefore, the present narrative review aimed to summarize the current literature regarding BIA, emphasizing the characteristics of the different technical approaches, as well as their limitations.…”

Section: Aim Of Narrative Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, the use of BIVA allowed for the possibility to present reference target zones, not only for a specific sport but for each competitive level. On the basis of these findings, numerous studies then provided specific tolerance ellipses for each sport and for different categories using BIVA ( Table 4 ), even specific ellipses based on the competitive period [ 30 ]. Interestingly, BIVA patterns were shown to be able to discriminate elite from sub-elite athletes within the R-Xc graph, as reported in cycling [ 33 ], soccer [ 34 ], and volleyball [ 32 ] athletes.…”

Section: Qualitative Analysis: Interpretation Of the Raw Bioimpedance Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis

et al. 2021

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Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.

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Section: Aim Of Narrative Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Qualitative Analysis: Interpretation Of the Raw Bioimpedance Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, the evaluation of the somatotype according to the Heath and Carter method requires a qualified anthropometrist and the dependence on the measurement instruments, including possible technical errors that militate against the accuracy of the evaluations. For this reason, BIA is often used in the body composition assessment of athletes, especially soccer players [16][17][18]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that bioelectric properties are able to discriminate the different somatotype categories in athletes, given the predictive role of their raw measurements with muscle mass and body fluids distribution, which vary according to the absolute FM and FFM content [8,19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Players

Campa

Bongiovanni

Matias

et al. 2020

Sports

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Easy-to-apply and quick methods for evaluate body composition are often preferred when assessing soccer teams. This study aimed to develop new equations for the somatotype quantification that would reduce the anthropometric measurements required by the Heath and Carter method, integrating the somatotype assessment to the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). One hundred and seventy-six male elite soccer players (age 26.9 ± 4.5 years), registered in the Italian first division (Serie A), underwent anthropometric measurements and BIA. Endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy were obtained according to the Heath and Carter method, while fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) estimated using a BIA-derived equation specific for athletes. The participants were randomly split into development (n = 117) and validation groups (n = 59, 1/3 of sample). The developed models including resistance2/stature, FM%, FFM, contracted arm and calf circumference, triceps, and supraspinal skinfolds had high predictive ability for endomorphy (R2 = 0.83, Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) = 0.16) mesomorphy (R2 = 0.80, SEE = 0.36), and ectomorphy (endomorphy (R2 = 0.87, SEE = 0.22). Cross validation revealed R2 of 0.80, 0.84, 0.87 for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, respectively. The proposed strategy allows the integration of somatotype assessment to BIA in soccer players, reducing the number of instruments and measurements required by the Heath and Carter approach.

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“…In spite of the fact that there are a number of studies carried out while using the recommended method of measurement and controlling carefully the positioning of the limbs [ 47 ], it should be noticed that some research studies do not adhere to this recommendation. Some studies present measurements conducted while participants are in a position with arms and legs separated to not touch the body, as is presented in the studies involving patients after bariatric surgery [ 48 ], patients during dialysis [ 49 , 50 ], or athletes [ 51 ], while the observation of the changes of their body compositions may be crucial for the applied therapy or training, so the inaccurate measurements may be a serious bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition Results of Caucasian Young Normal Body Mass Women in the Follicular Proliferative Phase, Measured for the Different Positions of Limbs

Głąbska

Wojciechowska

Cackowska

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) became a standardized technique for assessing body composition, but many factors affect the reproducibility of measurement, including body and limbs position. In spite of the fact that it is recommended for patient to be in a supine position, with arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45°, a lot of authors conduct their measurements with arms and legs of patients separated to not touch the body but not strictly following the recommendations. Taking this into account, the aim of the study was to analyze the body composition results of Caucasian young normal body mass women in the follicular proliferative phase, measured for the different positions of limbs in order to compare the results obtained in the recommended position (with arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45°) and in the commonly used position (not following strictly the recommendations). The study was conducted in a homogenous group of 100 adult females under the age of 30 years using BIA 101/ASE with the Bodygram Pro software and its equations by Akern Srl, Firenze, Italy, based on the measurement recommendations. The measurements were conducted (1) in a recommended position of arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45° and (2) with arms spread and legs separated to not touch the body to compare the body composition assessment (fat mass, fat-free mass, body cell mass, muscle mass, water content, extracellular water content, and intracellular water content). It was stated that the results obtained for various positions of limbs were positively correlated (p < 0.0001; R > 0.5). At the same time, the statistically significant differences dependent on the position were observed for the calculated results of body cell mass (lower results for the recommended position for the results observed in kg and % of body mass; p = 0.0165 and p = 0.0075, respectively) and muscle mass (lower results for the recommended position for the results observed in kg and % of body mass; p = 0.0025 and p = 0.0011, respectively), as well as extracellular and intracellular water (higher % of total body water for the extracellular water and lower for intracellular water; p = 0.0049 and p = 0.0115, respectively), resulting from the measured resistance and reactance values. For all listed comparisons of significantly differing variables, weighted κ statistics indicated moderate agreement (values of 0.41–0.60), and the Bland–Altman plot analysis indicated no agreement (Bland–Altman index of >5%). While compared with the reference values, the major differences were observed for extracellular/intracellular water content, as, while applying a method with arms and legs separated to not touch the body (not recommended position), the extracellular water content was underestimated for 31% and intracellular water content was overestimated for 28% of participants. It may be concluded that the recommended body position of arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45° should be chosen to ensure the reliability of the BIA measurements, as, while the recommendations of a body position are not followed, the results obtained may be misleading and may not reflect the actual body composition.

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Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report

Cited by 33 publications

References 24 publications

Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis

Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis

A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Players

Body Composition Results of Caucasian Young Normal Body Mass Women in the Follicular Proliferative Phase, Measured for the Different Positions of Limbs

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