Biogeological Analysis of Desert Varnish Using Portable Raman Spectrometers

Abstract

Desert varnishes are thin, dark mineral coatings found on some rocks in arid or semi-arid environments on Earth. Microorganisms may play an active role in their formation, which takes many hundreds of years. Their mineral matrix may facilitate the preservation of organic matter and is therefore of great relevance to martian exploration. Miniaturized Raman spectrometers (which allow nondestructive analysis of the molecular composition of a specimen) will equip rovers in forthcoming planetary exploration missions. In that context, and for the first time, portable Raman spectrometers operating in the green visible (532 nm as currently baselined for flight) and in the near-infrared (785 nm) were used in this study to investigate the composition (and substrate) of several samples of desert varnish. Rock samples that were suspected (and later confirmed) to be coated with desert varnish were recovered from two sites in the Mojave Desert, USA. The portable spectrometers were operated in flight-representative acquisition modes to identify the key molecular components of the varnish. The results demonstrate that the coatings typically comprise silicate minerals such as quartz, plagioclase feldspars, clays, ferric oxides, and hydroxides and that successful characterization of the samples can be achieved by using flightlike portable spectrometers for both the 532 and 785 nm excitation sources. In the context of searching for spectral signatures and identifying molecules that indicate the presence of extant and/or extinct life, we also report the detection of β-carotene in some of the samples. Analysis complications caused by the presence of rare earth element photoluminescence (which overlaps with and overwhelms the organic Raman signal when a 785 nm laser is employed) are also discussed.

Forced Biomineralization: A Review

“…Both extreme biomineralization and extreme biomimetics [ 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 ] represent scientific niches with broad application in industry and in the study of evolutionary biology, studying natural and artificial phenomena that occur “ below the human zone of comfort ” [ 246 ]. Both were recently born at the crossroads between such scientific directions and disciplines as prebiotic chemistry, prebiotic mineralogy, the origin and evolution of Life, hydrothermal venting chemistry and biochemistry, astrobiology, cryobiology, and exobiology [ 247 ].…”

Avoiding misidentification of bands in planetary Raman spectra

“…Indeed, the probability of probing more than one mineral simultaneously increases with the size of the laser spot. For example, spectra obtained from desert varnish samples picked up in the Death Valley in California include haematite, goethite, anatase and rutile . Representative spectra recorded for the desert varnishes are shown in Fig.…”

Viewing Biofilms within the Larger Context of Bacterial Aggregations

“…More recently, pendulous and dripping snottites have been described on cave walls and stalactites [81] and collapsed cakes are a problem in filtration [82]. More interesting, perhaps, are the reports that bacterial remains have been misidentified as dinosaur soft tissues [83] and desert varnishes are being used to train sensors for future planetary explorations [84].…”