Biogeography of two species of Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt)

LaJeunesse, Todd C.; Trench, Robert K.

doi:10.2307/1542872

Cited by 334 publications

(293 citation statements)

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“…DNA was extracted from each sample using an organic extraction protocol ). The ITS-2 region was amplified from each sample using the Symbiodinium-specific primers 'ITSintfor2' and 'ITS2clamp' (LaJeunesse & Trench 2000) with the following profile: an initial denaturing step of 94°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 58°C, and 1 min at 74°C, followed by a single cycle of 7 min at 74°C. Products were electrophoresced on 1.2% agarose gels to check for amplification success.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel algal symbiont (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in reef corals of Western Australia

Silverstein

Correa

LaJeunesse³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The identity and diversity of algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) in reef corals is thought to influence to the resilience of reef ecosystems to climate change, and varies depending on coral species, environmental conditions, and biogeography. We examined these factors by surveying corals along a latitudinal gradient in Western Australia on reefs connected north to south by the warm-water Leeuwin Current. We used the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) region of ribosomal DNA to characterize Symbiodinium communities in 19 species of reef coral (in 16 genera) from tropical Dampier (20.5°S) to temperate Dunsborough (33.5°S). We documented a high number of novel ITS-2 types in Symbiodinium clades B (1 type) and C (14 types) as well as 7 previously reported ITS-2 types in clades B, C, and D. In addition, we compared symbiont distributions with Giovanni's OBIG MODIS-Aqua satellite temperature data set and found that the putatively thermotolerant Symbiodinium ITS-2 type D1a was more frequently detected in 'chronically warm' tropical sites than at 'chronically cool' temperate sites, while clade B symbiont types showed the reverse pattern, being found in certain corals at the southernmost sites. Symbiodinium type D1a was generally most abundant at Dampier, where bleaching had occurred 1 mo prior to sampling, although some variation by host taxa was observed. The diverse and novel Symbiodinium communities documented here may be a result of (1) the variable environmental histories of the study sites, (2) the apparent genetic divergence within this genus resulting from the relative isolation of Western Australian reefs, and/or (3) the frequent transport of symbionts (in hospite or free-living) from Indo-Malay reefs to Western Australia via the Leeuwin Current. These results indicate that understudied reefs in remote and isolated areas may contain Symbiodinium diversity that has not been reported previously.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel algal symbiont (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in reef corals of Western Australia

Silverstein

Correa

LaJeunesse³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Symbiodinium types were identified from three cores of each colony by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer-2 region of ribosomal DNA (ITS2 rDNA). This gene was amplified using the primers ITSintfor2 and ITS2clamp [36], and products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using a CBS scientific system (35-75% denaturing gradient). Dominant bands were excised, reamplified and sequenced in both directions using BIGDYE TERMINATOR v. 3.1 cycle sequencing kit and an APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS 3130XL GENETIC ANALYZER.…”

Section: (E) Symbiont Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the causes and consequences of symbiont shuffling in a multi-partner reef coral symbiosis under environmental change

2015

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Dynamic symbioses may critically mediate impacts of climate change on diverse organisms, with repercussions for ecosystem persistence in some cases. On coral reefs, increases in heat-tolerant symbionts after thermal bleaching can reduce coral susceptibility to future stress. However, the relevance of this adaptive response is equivocal owing to conflicting reports of symbiont stability and change. We help reconcile this conflict by showing that change in symbiont community composition (symbiont shuffling) in Orbicella faveolata depends on the disturbance severity and recovery environment. The proportion of heat-tolerant symbionts dramatically increased following severe experimental bleaching, especially in a warmer recovery environment, but tended to decrease if bleaching was less severe. These patterns can be explained by variation in symbiont performance in the changing microenvironments created by differentially bleached host tissues. Furthermore, higher proportions of heat-tolerant symbionts linearly increased bleaching resistance but reduced photochemical efficiency, suggesting that any change in community structure oppositely impacts performance and stress tolerance. Therefore, even minor symbiont shuffling can adaptively benefit corals, although fitness effects of resulting trade-offs are difficult to predict. This work helps elucidate causes and consequences of dynamism in symbiosis, which is critical to predicting responses of multi-partner symbioses such as O. faveolata to environmental change.

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“…All DNA samples from the investigations of Toller et al (2001) were extracted as per their protocols. All field samples were initially screened using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of ITS2 PCR amplifications (LaJeunesse & Trench, 2000). Bands diagnostic of the resulting ITS fingerprint were excised, eluted, re-amplified and directly sequenced as described by LaJeunesse (2002).…”

Section: Genetic Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

LaJeunesse

Lee

Gil-Agudelo

et al. 2015

European Journal of Phycology

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We describe Symbiodinium necroappetens sp. nov. found predominantly in diseased or thermally damaged tissues in some reef corals of the Greater Caribbean. Small, albeit fixed, differences in the ribosomal DNA (ITS2 and LSU) and cytochrome b (cob) indicate that S. necroappetens is evolutionarily separate, but closely related to S. microadriaticum (members of Clade A). However, haplotype sequences of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle are highly divergent, signifying that the degree of genetic divergence between these sibling lineages is far greater than indicated by changes in rDNA. Small morphological differences also support the delineation of this species. The Kofoidian plate formula for S. necroappetens (x-plate, EAV, 4′, 5a, 8′′, 9-11s, 21c, 6′′′, 2′′′′, PE) is generally the same as described for S. microadriaticum, except for the number of cingulum plates (21 vs 22-24), but plate shapes and configurations differ. Nuclear and mitochondrial volumes calculated from ultrastructural serial sections (published previously) also distinguish it from S. microadriaticum and S. pilosum. There are significant physiological differences in the response of S. necroappetens to high pCO 2 and thermal stress when compared with S. microadriaticum, indicating that large functional differences exist even among closely related species. This species appears to be necrotrophic rather than mutualistic. Before it was recognized as a distinct entity, reports on its ecology contributed to the supposition that members of Clade A Symbiodinium were opportunistic. Available evidence indicates that S. necroappetens exists at low environmental background levels, but may 'proliferate' selectively in artificial growth media, or emerge opportunistically in bleached coral colonies during early recovery from severe stress, or in diseased necrotic tissues, especially in colonies of the Orbicella (formerly Monstastraea) annularis complex. However, S. necroappetens fails to persist at detectable levels as populations of the typical symbiont recover. The description of this species raises awareness of the broad functional and ecological diversity exhibited by members of this large dinoflagellate genus.

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Biogeography of two species of Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt)

Cited by 334 publications

References 50 publications

Novel algal symbiont (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in reef corals of Western Australia

Novel algal symbiont (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in reef corals of Western Australia

Investigating the causes and consequences of symbiont shuffling in a multi-partner reef coral symbiosis under environmental change

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

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